C Y N 



CYN 



no ■water. They should l>e kept free from weeds 

 in the autumn, and have some fresh mould ap- 

 plied over the surfaces of the pots or tubs in 

 which they grow, protecting them again in the 

 winter as before, continuing the same manage- 

 ment as in the preceding year, till the decline 

 of the leaves in the latter part of the summer, 

 when they should be carefully taken up, and the 

 more hardy sorts planted out in the situations 

 where they are to remain, as those of a warm, 

 dry border; and the tender kinds removed into 

 pots, to have protection from frosts in winter. 



As the Persian sort is the most impatient of 

 cold and moisture, it should constantly he kept 

 in pots tilled with light sandy earth, or a com- 

 post of loam and lime-rubbish, and be placed in 

 such situations in the frame or green-house as to 

 have as much free air as possible in mild wea- 

 ther in winter. Some of the sorts will generally 

 begin to flower in lhe course of one or two years 

 after being thus planted out; the first kind often 

 about Christmas, which is succeeded by those of 

 the Persian sort. 



The plants in the borders should have the pro- 

 tection of mats or other contrivances, in se- 

 vere winters, as by such means they produce 

 a greater abundance of flowers, and these more 

 fair and beautiful. 



The varieties of the different sorts are best pre- 

 served and continued by planting pieces of the 

 divided roots, immediately after they have been 

 separated in the summer season, in pots, tubs, 

 or other places, as above : but in this mode they 

 do not increase in an expeditious manner. 



These plants are very ornamental, though of 

 small growth, in their variegated large foliage, as 

 well as their elegant flowers, which in some of 

 thesorts are fragrant, as those of thespringkinds. 

 The hardy sorts produce a fine effect in the 

 fronts of borders or clumps in pleasure-grounds, 

 and those of the tender kinds among other pot- 

 ted plants in the green-house. 



The proper period of removing these plants 

 for any purpose is about the beginning of June, 

 when the leaves decline; hut they should not be 

 often removed, as the roots do not lose their 

 fibres as in some others of the tuberous and bul- 

 bous rooted kinds. 



CYDONIA, the Ouinee-Tree. SeePvitus. 



CYNARA, a genus containing plants of the 



herbaceous hardy perennial and biennial kind. 



It belongs to the class aud order Syngenesia 



Polygamia JEqualis, and ranks in the natural 



order of Composite? Capitatce. 



The characters are : that the calyx is common 

 ventricose, imbricate; scales numerous, round- 

 ish, fleshy, increased by a membranaceous scale- 

 fbnnrd appendicle, which is large, roundish, 



channelled, and emarginated with a spine: the 

 corolla compound tubulous, uniform : the co- 

 rollets hermaphrodite, nearly equal : proper one- 

 petalled, funnel-form : tube very slender ; border 

 erect, ovate, iive-cleft ; divisions linear, one more 

 deeply separated : the stamina have five filaments, 

 capillary, very short; anthers cylindric, tubu- 

 lose, length of the corollule, five-toothed : the 

 pistillum a germ, somewhat ovate : style fili- 

 form, longer than the stamens: stigma sim- 

 ple, oblong, emarginate: there is no pericar- 

 pium : the calyx converging but a little : the 

 seeds solitary, oblong-ovate, four-cornered com- 

 pressed : down sessile, long : the receptacle 

 bristly. 



The species cultivated are : 1 . C. scobjmvs, 

 Common Artichoke; 2. C. cardunculus, Cardoon 

 Artichoke, or Cardoon. 



The first, in the cultivated state, seldom rises 

 above four feet in height, with a stout, furrowed, 

 leafy stem, slightly tomentose, sometimes a little 

 branched at top. The root is large, thick, and 

 perennial, crowned by a considerable cluster of 

 pinnatifid leaves, from two to four feet in length, 

 pointing upright, the whole covered with an ash- 

 coloured down, especially underneath : the mid- 

 rib has a deep single channel above, and several 

 deep furrows underneath, with strong ridges be- 

 tween them: at bottom there are usually several 

 separate leaflets or rudiments of leaves, which 

 increase in size till the main leaf begins, and are 

 connected by a wing running down each side of 

 the midrib ; which, increasing, unites the remain- 

 der into one pinnatifid leaf, very deeply cut, and 

 each cleft has a few large serratures or jags, end- 

 ing in a short prickle, which is sometimes scarce- 

 ly perceptible. The leaves on the stem are 

 simple, only serrate or jagged, like a single cleft 

 of the other ; they end obtusely, and are fre- 

 quently retuse ; sometimes they have scarcely any 

 serratures ; immediately below the heads are some 

 loose scales, partaking of the nature of the upper 

 leaves and calycine scales. The heads are sub- 

 globular, either green or dark purple, the former 

 commonly tinged at bottom with purple ; com- 

 posed of numerous, large, ovate scales, which at 

 bottom are very fleshy, and at top obtuse and 

 emarginate, or cloven. It is a native of the South 

 of Europe. 



The varieties are : the Green or French, and 

 the Globe Artichoke ; the former having a co- 

 nical head, ofa light green colour, with the scales 

 pointed at top, opening and turning outward ; 

 and the latter with a large globular head, a little 

 depressed at top, of a reddish-green colour, ob- 

 tuse scales, growing close, and turning inwards. 

 This is the most cultivated, as being more fleshy 

 and better tasted. 



