\> w' A 



D R A 



employed,' while in its long or littery condition. 

 See Hot-Bed. 



All sorts of animal dungs may be applied with 

 advantage to soils of different sorts in the way of 

 manure ; but that of the stable kind is in general 

 themost beneficial in the raising ofgarden crops; 

 for which purpose it may often be used after it 

 has been employed in hot-beds, and is consider- 

 ably reduced. For some sorts of crops, as those 

 of the potatoe, carrot, cabbage, brocoli, calc, and 

 several other similar kinds, it may, however, be 

 used with more benefit while in its littery unre- 

 duced condition, as by its gradually undergoing the 

 process of decomposition within the earth, heat 

 is not only evolved, but various other materials 

 formed and set at liberty which greatly contri- 

 bute to the growth and support of such crops ; 

 and at the same lime the earth or mould pre- 

 served in a more loose state about their roots, by 

 which they are more readily extended and en- 

 larged. This last is a circumstance of great 

 utility in potatoe, carrot, parsnip, and other si- 

 milar tap and tuberous-rooted crops. 



The nature and mode of application of these 

 substances will be explained in another part of 

 the work. See Manure. 



DWARF TREES, such trees of the fruit 

 kind as are raised by grafting or budding stocks 

 within a few inches of the ground, and which 

 only form their heads to the height of a few 

 feet, as from four or five to seven or eight, ac- 

 cording to the kinds. It also comprehends such 

 dwarf trees as are planted for espaliers, as well 

 as those that are standards, though it is the lat- 

 ter that belong to this head. 



Formerly, when trees of this sort were more 

 attended to, they were trained in many different 

 forms, from which they took their titles: thus, 

 there were Concave, Convex, Horizontal, Spiral, 

 and Natural Dwarf Trees, according as their 

 heads were formed. In the forming of these 

 trees, the method chiefly practised in the differ- 

 ent sorts will be described in another place. See 

 Training of Fruit-Trees. 



The kinds of fruit-trees most commonly em- 

 ployed in this way, are those of the apple, pear, 

 plum, cherry, apricot, fig, and filbert kinds; but 

 other sorts may be trained in the same manner. 



To have good trees of these sorts, they should 

 be grafted upon dwarf stocks, those of the 

 apple on paradise stocks, and the pear kind on 

 quince stocks. The former are, however, of 



a shorter duration when raised on these stocks, 

 than on those of the crab or apple kind. 



The sorts of pears most adapted to this method 

 are those of the summer or autumn fruited kinds, 

 as the winter sorts never answer well in this 

 method of management. 



These kinds of fruit-trees should never be 

 planted nearer together than fifteen or twenty 

 feet,, though Martvn, for those on paradise 

 stocks, has mentioned six or eight ; on Dutch 

 stocks eighteen or twenty; and for those on crab 

 or apple stocks twenty-five or thirty. The rea- 

 sons why trees of this form are not in 90 much 

 esteem for planting in gardens now as they were 

 formerly, are, that of their being less advantage- 

 ous in producing fruit from their form than 

 those of the espalier kind ; the ground being- 

 kept clear under them with more difficulty ; 

 their taking up too much room when grown to 

 a large size; the air not circulating so freely 

 about their stems, by~which the fruit may be 

 injured; the great difficulty of getting at the 

 middle of the trees in the summer without dis- 

 placing the fruit on the outside branches ; and 

 the greater destruction of the fruit-buds in con- 

 sequence of the nature of their training. Mr. 

 Forsyth, however, in his useful Treatise on the 

 " Culture and Management of Fruit-Trees, " 

 recommends the planting of dwarf plum-trees 

 in the kitchen garden as standards, in the mid- 

 dle of six-feet wide borders, at the distance of 

 seventeen yards, training them up to have stems 

 about three feet in height. And in the long 

 narrow royal gardens at Kensington, which 

 are much exposed to the winds, he has found two 

 rows of apple-trees intermixed alternately with 

 other fruit-trees planted on each side of the mid- 

 dle walk, which extends the whole length, at the 

 distance of seventeen yards from each other; 

 with others in two rows in the six-feet borders 

 on the sides of the cross paths, at the distance 

 of fourteen feet, to be highly beneficial in 

 breaking the, force of high winds; while the 

 fruit can be conveniently gathered by a person 

 standing on the ground. And as plums can be 

 planted in the same manner with similar inten- 

 tions ; the quarters may be kept clear for culi- 

 nary crops, and a free circulation of air admitted, 

 which cannot be the case with espaliers. Be- 

 sides, dwarf standards, which can be trained to any 

 size, appear much better than espaliers, and at 

 the same time afford a greater proportion of fruit. 



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