ESP 



EVE 



Tree* intended for this use should be grafted 

 or budded within a few inches of the surface of 

 i he ground, that branches may be thrown out 

 regularly from the bottom upwards, to furnish 

 and till the treillagc ; and the more effectually to 

 accomplish the purpose, the first shoots from the 

 grafts, &c. should be cut off, or headed down, 

 within a few inches of the grafts, in the spring 

 teaaon, when they have had one year's growth. 

 The branches or shoots thus produced, whe- 

 ther the trees are in the nursery, or planted 

 out as espaliers, should in the latter part of 

 the summer, or beginning of autumn, be train- 

 ed both ways laterally in their advancing growth, 

 to stakes put down for the purpose, or the 

 espalier frames. In this way the trees acquire 

 a proper form, those in the nursery being thus 

 trained and kept for sale. A second heading 

 down in the upper branches may likewise be 

 practised when necessary, in order to fill up the 

 middle, and completely cover the frames. 



When these trees have been thus trained for 

 three or four years in the nursery-ground, they 

 are generally in a proper situation for being 

 planted out as espaliers in the borders or other 

 parts along the sides of the walks in the garden 

 or pleasure-grounds, a sufficient breadth being 

 allowed for the borders, according to the size or 

 extent of such grounds, as six, eight, ten, or 

 more feet. 



Besides this, there is another method some- 

 times practised in forming espalier trees, which 

 is that of, after heading the first shoots down as 

 above, training the side-shoots horizontally in 

 the direction of' the frames, and the middle one 

 upright, forming the lateral shoots, which it 

 throws out horizontally on each side ; and, if they 

 are not thrown off sufficiently low, heading the 

 upright one down, by which lateral branches 

 will be sent off, so as to range with regularity 

 at the distance of six or seven inches, one above 

 another, on each side, from the bottom to the 

 top. In this way the trees have a very neat ap- 

 pearance. 



In planting the trees out; when they are of the 

 apple or pear kind, on dwarf stocks, the distance 

 in the rows should be fifteen, eighteen; or 

 twenty feet ; and when on free stocks, not less 

 than twenty or thirty, and for free growing trees 

 considerably more. For plums, the distance 

 should be eighteen feet or more ; and for cher- 

 ries, apricots, almonds, and mulberries, it should 

 never be less than fifteen. Considerably less 

 distance will however be sufficient for filberts, 

 especially in the poorer sorts of soil. 



When these trees have been planted, it is the' 

 usual practice to put stakes down in a line to 

 train them to for the two or three first years ; 



but it has a much neater appearance to have the 

 treillage fixed down to train them to at once. 



Frames for this use are made in different 

 ways, according to Ave taste of the person who 

 has them ; but the most usual sort are those 

 constructed of three or four inches square pieces 

 of oak timber for the posts, with rails of deal 

 carried from post to post, at the distance of 

 every ten or twelve inches from the bottom to 

 the top. Between these raits thin upright pieces 

 are again sometimes fixed at the same di- 

 stances, for particular purposes. The whole 

 should be well painted over in oil some time be- 

 fore the trees are to be trained to it. This last is 

 performed either by tying the branches to the 

 trellis by osier twigs, woollen-yarn, or other 

 similar substance, or by nailing them in the 

 manner of wall-trees. In \\ hichever way it is 

 done, the greatest exactness and regularity 

 should be observed in laying in and directing. the 

 shoots. 



The manner of performing the future pruning 

 and managing of these trees will be explained 

 when we come to speak of the nature of pruning 

 in general. See Pruning of Fruit-Trees. 



These sorts of trees are chiefly advantageous 

 in admitting the branches to produce fruit spurs 

 on both sides, which is not the case with wall- 

 trees; in taking up but little room in the gar- 

 den; in not being so injurious to the crops that 

 are near them ; in affording fruit of a finer fla- 

 vour, from the more free admission of air and 

 sun, and in the fruit not being so liable to be 

 blown down and injured. 



ETIOLATION OF PLANTS, the render- 

 ing them white, crisp, and tender, by excluding 

 the action of light from them. See Blanch- 



INjG. 



EVERGREEN TREES, such trees, whether 

 of tall or shrubby growth, as constantly retain 

 their leaves during the whole year. There are a 

 great number of' this sort of plants, which will 

 be particularly described under their proper 

 genera. 



These kinds of trees, shrubs, &c. are in- 

 creased in different modes, according to their 

 particular nature, as by seeds, layers, cuttings, 

 suckers, &c. which is fully shown under the 

 culture of the different sorts, but principally in 

 the spring season, though occasionally in the 

 summer, and frequently in the early autumn. 



The proper seasons for planting them out are 

 the early autumn or later spring months, ac- 

 cording to the nature of the soil. Where the 

 soils are of the more stiff, retentive, moist kind, 

 the more advanced spring months are the best ; 

 but where they ate of the light dry loose de- 

 scription, the beginning of the autumn is the 



