FOR 



F O S 



this means, after the linings are made up, it may 

 be kept perfectly neat and clean. A loose drain 

 will likewise be necessary in the middle of the 

 bottom of the pit, for conveying off wet and 

 the oozing from the dung, to a tank or cistern 

 constructed for its reception. The fluid thus col- 

 lected, may be made use of in watering cabbage 

 and other plants of the same kind. 



FORCING- FIT, a sort of pit constructed 

 of brick-work, with fire-flues, in various ways, 

 for the purpose of making tan- or other hot-beds 

 in being covered with glass frames. 



It is useful for receiving different sorts of ten- 

 der potted plants which require considerable de- 

 grees ofheat in their cultivation. See Bark-Pit. 



FORCING-WALL, a wall constructed with 

 flues for the purpose of conveying and com- 

 municating fire-heat, in order to ripen various 

 kinds of tree fruits that are planted and trained 

 against them, and which are protected in the 

 front by glazed frames. See Hot-Wall. 



Walls of this sort should always be erected in 

 warm sheltered situations, and have southern 

 aspects, in order that they may derive the greatest 

 possible advantage from the influence of the sun. 



FOREST-TREES, such trees as grow to a 

 large size, whether of the deciduous or evergreen 

 kinds, and are fit for the purpose of timber. Of 

 this sort of trees there are a great many different 

 kinds; but those principally employed as timber 

 are: the Oak, Ash, Elm, Beech, Chestnut, Ma- 

 ple, Birch, Alder, Poplar, Larch, Pine, &c. 

 And for the purposes of ornament, these as well 

 as many others may be had recourse to ; such 

 as the Mountain-ash, Lime, Horse-chestnut, 

 Willow, &x. and all the different sorts of Fir, 

 Box, Holly, Yew, Cypress, &c. 



They are raised in different methods according 

 to their kinds, as may be seen under their respective 

 genera, but chiefly by seeds, layers, and cuttings. 



In forming plantations with these sorts of trees, 

 whether by sowing the seeds or setting the young 

 plants, great care should be taken to adapt them 

 as much as possible to the nature of the soils and 

 situation, as some sorts succeed well on one kind 

 of soil and others on another. Thus the Oak, 

 Elm, Maple, and Birch, answer well on all the 

 deeper kinds of soil ; while those of the Ash, 

 Beah, Chestnut, Mountain-ash, Larch, Pine, 

 Box, Holly, Yew, &c. thrive the most perfectly 

 v here the soils are more light, dry, and friable. 

 But the Alder, Willow, Poplar, and some 

 others, grow in the greatest perfection where 

 there is a greater degree of moisture. The Beech, 

 Mountain-ash, Larch, and some others, like- 

 •aj-v succeed well in exposed situations. See 

 Plantation. 



FOSSE, a sort of sunk fence or haw-haw made 



on the outsides or boundaries of ornamented" 

 grounds, in order to extend the prospect in an 

 uninterrupted manner. Fences of this nature 

 are formed of different depths and breadth?, ac- 

 cording to circumstances, but six or seven feet in 

 depth and ten or fifteen in width are the most 

 common. Where the extent of pleasure-ground 

 is inconsiderable, these fences give the particular 

 parts of the garden or grounds an air of larger 

 extent than it really possesses, as at a distance 

 nothing of them is seen, so that the adjacent 

 fields, &c. appear to be connected with them : 

 where the pleasure-ground is situated near to a 

 park, paddock, or any spacious field open to an 

 agreeable prospect, they are often continued 

 round, as tar as they are agreeable from the- 

 walks of the pleasure-grounds. 



Works of this kind are formed in different 

 ways, but always so as to serve the purpose of 

 fences and afford an uninterrupted view. 



One method of constructing them is with 

 an upright side next the garden or pleasure- 

 ground, or in the contrary direction, according 

 to circumstances and situation, five, six, or seven 

 feet deep, faced with a wall of brick, stone, or 

 strong post and planking ; the other side being 

 made sloping outward from the bottom of the 

 upright wall, &c. gradually, with an easy slope 

 to fifteen or twenty feet distance, or more, 

 so as to render the declivity as easy and imper- 

 ceptible as possible, both to take off all stiff and 

 ditch-like appearance, and that when in a field or 

 park, no ground may be lost from its being capa- 

 ble of being converted into grass. The top of the 

 upright, side should be made nearly upon a level 

 with the adjacent pleasure-ground, and always a 

 little higher than the top of the slope on the oppo- 

 site side, being laid with grass, corresponding to 

 theadjoining garden or pleasure-ground, unless it 

 be thought convenient to continue a gravel walk 

 that way; in which case, a proper verge of grass 

 should constantly be preserved between the walk 

 and the edge of the fosse ; the sloped side should 

 also have its top always nearly on a level with 

 the adjacent ground of the field, park, or part 

 where it is formed ; and the side finished with 

 a regular slope from top to bottom, being also 

 sown or laid down in grass, which will always 

 preserve the slope in due form, and have an 

 agreeable appearance to the sight. 



When, in forming this kind of fosse, by rea- 

 son of wet it cannot be got deep enough to form 

 the upright sufficiently as a fence, achevaux-de- 

 frise of wood-work may be erected along the top, 

 projecting outward in a nearly horizontal posi- 

 tion, or as much so as to rise but very little above 

 the level of the top of the perpendicular side on 

 which it is fixed, that it mav not obstruct the 

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