1 82 ILLUSTRATED HORSE-BREAKING. 



slightest touch, by keeping them in a constant 

 state of change, from contraction to relaxation, 

 without, however, inducing fatigue, the effect of 

 which, on the nerves, is to cause the muscles to 

 work in a slow and ill-regulated manner. 



After having broken the horse thoroughly to 

 the snaffle, we may, if required for special work, 

 break him, in the same manner, to the curb, the 

 principles of which I have described in my book 

 on Riding on the Flat and Across Conntry. 



When one is unprovided with a driving pad 

 made after my pattern, one may use, as a 

 makeshift, a saddle, through the stirrup-irons of 

 which one may pass the reins (see Fig. 44) ; not 

 forgetting the standing martingale, a substitute 

 for which may be readily made by connecting 

 the rings of the snaffle to the rings of a running 

 martingale, by a loop of leather, or cord. 



Colonel Wardrop, who commands the 12th 

 Lancers, shewed me a method he practises, of driv- 

 ing horses over jumps with long ropes which pass 



