150 FIRST PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE. 



Com and oats are tlie cereal grains most largely used for 

 animal food. Of these corn is richer in carbohydrates, 

 and is used to the greatest extent for fattening, and oats 

 almost exclusively as a food for horses, for which it is 

 peculiarly adapted, both in bulk and in proportion of 

 food constituents. 



Mill-Feeds and Refuse Products. — These consist 

 of the ground grains of corn, oats, and rye, either singly 

 or mixed, and the residues of grains or seeds after their 

 use for other purposes has been accomplished. The latter 

 differ from the whole-grain feeds in showing a higher 

 content of nitrogenous matter. 



Bran and Middlings. — Bran and middlings derived in 

 the manufacture of flour consist of the outer coverings 

 of the grains used, mixed with more or less of the germ, 

 and are richer in fat, protein, and ash than the original 

 grain, the flour containing a much larger proportion of 

 the carbohydrates. They are very useful when fed in 

 connection with the fodders, since they supply in a con- 

 centrated form the nutrients usually deficient in these 

 products. The middlings are, on the whole, better than 

 bran, since they contain less crude fibre and more carbo- 

 hydrates. Both bran and middlings vary somewhat in 

 composition, due to differences in methods of manufac- 

 tm-e, and also to variations in the composition of the 

 original product ; these variations are, however, less 

 marked than those which occur in the various fodders. 



Brewers* Grains. — Brewers' grains, which represent 

 the bran of barley, and malt sprouts, which are the dried 

 germs of the same grain, are derived in the manufacture 

 of beer from barley. The grains when they have served 



