very undesirable. Soils in which the subsoil is near the surface 

 are usually poorly drained. The gray layer of soil allows water 

 to pass through very slowly and sometiraes not at all. Later when 

 the water does recede and a drouth coraes, the trees have a weakened 

 root system and are unable to absorb the water necessary for fruit 

 development. Our orchard trenching operations in Massachusetts 

 tend to support the above statement. 



Orcha r d Sa nita tion in Il l inois 



A timely publication from Illinois (Circular 443) dis- 

 cusses the practice of sanitation for apple orchards. Since cod- 

 ling moth is so serious in that sectj.on, the authors of this 

 publication have stressed a large number of supplementary factors 

 as a means of controlling this pest. Here are a fev/ of these 

 practices; (1) Scrape trees to destroy hibernating places, (2) des- 

 troy wormy fruit, (3) encourage birds, (4) clean up orchard debris 

 by pruning thoroughly and burning the prunings , (5) use chemically 

 treated bands, (6) Guard against packing shed infestation, 

 (7) dip orchard crates before moths emerge, (3) dispose of low 

 grade fruit promptly. In New England it has not been necessary 

 to do all of these things in codling moth control. But we have 

 other pests eqvially troublesome. Curculio and maggot would be 

 less of a problem if our growers were to follow the Illinois 

 example in doing such things as these: get rid of breeding places 

 In and around the orchard, eliminate favorable hiding places for 

 curculio in brush and stone walls, and in the case of maggot spray 

 all trees in the orchard whether bearing or not including those 

 within infesting distance, and destroy all infested fruit promptly. 

 We place a tremendous responsibility on the spray program, if v;e 

 attempt to control pests by spraying alone. A thorough clean-up 

 of the orchard and vicinity makes spraying easier and more 

 effective. 



Timely Hints for Vermont 



^ M. B. Cummings of the University of Vermont offers about 

 12 bits of advice if we would "strike 12 in spraying". Here are 

 his more important suggestions; (l) Use standard spray products, 

 (2) avoid spray burn, (3) rinse the tank with fresh water every 

 day, (4) watch the weather, (5) use plenty of spray, (6) improve 

 the water supply in order to fill the spray tank quickly, 

 (7) keep the sprayer in first class working order, (8) spray top 

 and center thoroughly, etc. He also says "Do not spray on hot, 

 muggy days. Spray in the cool part of the day, or at night. 

 Do not use lime that is a year old since it deteriorates with age. 

 Use chem.ical hydrated lime. Avoid sludge v/hich may form in half 

 an hour unless the agitator is working". Professor Cunmiings ' 

 suggestions are equally important in I.Iassachusetts . 



A Few Facts Abo ut Spray Residu es 



With the harvest season only a few v/eeks av\fay, a word 

 about spray residues is in order. The federal tolerance es- 

 tablished by the Food and Drug Administration is the same as for 

 1935. The figure ,018 grains per pound, however, means little 



