- 5 - 



for difference in demand conditions, 70 million bushels in the commercial market 

 have a greater value than 90 million bushels." 



W. A. Sherman, in charge of thu Fruit and Vegetable Division of the 

 Bureau of Agricultur d Economics, says that more laws have been passed in the 

 United States with reference to apples than to any other fruit or vegetable. 

 14 different status nave enacted laws affecting apples only. U. S. Grades for 

 apples have done much to bring aoout a standardization of fruit shipped in inter- 

 state commerce, and the grower who today throws out a few culls and then labels 

 the remainder No. 1 and No. 2, is almost sure to got into difficulty if he ships 

 inter state commerce. 



In February, 1895, according to St.^muel Fraser, 11 cider and vinegar men 

 met at the Sherman Hotel in Chicago to decide v;hat was to be done about apple 

 grades. As a result of this moeting, the International Apple Shippers' Associa- 

 tion, a n'^n-profit cooperative organization Vv'as estc^blished. 



The first public advertising of a food product is reported from England 

 about 300 years ago. The product was coffee. And the glowing phrases used to 

 describe its deliciousness and its boneficial objects v/ould lead the reader to 

 believe that he had at last found the Fountain of Youth. 



In June, 1937 issue of Fruit Notes, reference was made to the heavy rain- 

 fall for that month, 5.72 inches. We conmented at that tine ^n "A Rainy June 

 and Its Effects in the Orchard". In 1938 the month of June brought 8.45 inr gs 

 cf rainfall in Amherst which is more than twice the normal, 3.54 inches. Th;.s 

 far the season has boon very favorable for orchards on droughty s^ils. But it 

 has been equally unfavorable for orchards on water logged soils. Other effects 

 include rapid sizing of the fruit and an abundance of scab infection in poorly 

 sprayed orchards. 



A bibliography of 122 references on the vitamin content of apples, use 

 of apples for medicinal purposes, and other studies on apples as food are contain- 

 ed in Popular Bulletin 152, "The Nutritive Value cf Apples", published by the 

 State College of Vtashington, Pullman, 'Washington. This bulletin contains inform- 

 ation on the composition of apples, vittunin content -f different varieties, ther- 

 apeutic uses of apples, otc. The statement is made that two apples of the WinoL?ai 

 Rome Beauty or Spitzenburg variety eaten dciily will protect a man from scurvy, 

 while five apples of the Delicious variety and six of Jonathan arc required. 



In a recent issue of the Canadian Journal of Research, H. P. Bell offers 

 this explanation of tne origin or russeting in the Golden Russet apple. "About 

 the time of full bloom many epidermal cells divide by a tangential wall. Lator 

 in June some of the epidermal cells divide again in the same way forroing a layer 

 varying from two to four cells thick. Early in July a caiiibium is initiated in 

 the innermost cells of epidermal origin. This cambium is very active and im- 

 mediately gives off cells which differentiate into cork. Non-russeted portions 

 of the apple may have a very thick convoluted cuticle." 



As an aid in identifying varieties of tree fruits and as a permanent 

 record of variety characteristics, the U. S. D. A. in Washington, D. C, main- 

 tains a file of several thousand natural color paintings and a similar number of 



