leaving clonal Dtocl'.c like thocf obtained from layers. The out- 

 ctanding difference betvreen cee- ". in.^ ajid clonal ctockc Ic this: 

 Seedling i^tockc vnry like any £;rOv.p of uncelected ceedlinjc, while 

 all individuals of a clonal stock are exactly alike except for 

 difference G due to environmental Influence s. J. K. Shaw 



Orchard Inaecta as Re lated to the Hurr icane 



Ever uince the hurricane, we have been searching for some 

 evidence that the storm brought come possible relief to next year's 

 pest control problems end in that way partly compensate for the 

 tremendous damage to the trees themselves. Fy.ajikly, there is lit- 

 tle encouragement evident at this time, although it is impossible 

 to get satisfactory information on most pests. Red mite eggs are 

 generally scarce but they have been before, and we have leprned 

 from experience that so long as any are present a troublesome in- 

 festation can develop the follov/ing season. 



Leafhoppers had just reached ma.turity on September 21 and 

 were most likely to be influenced by the storm. For a week after 

 the storm they v/ere surprisingly more ebunda.nt than might be ex- 

 pected but by the m.iddle of October they had dir.appepred very 

 noticeably in some orchards. Life history records in New England 

 (Garraan, Conn. Circ. Ill, March, 193^) show thpt egg laying begins 

 about September 20 and does not reach its height until about Oct- 

 ober 1^. Thus, under normal conditions there vrould be very few 

 eggs laid before the hurricane. Many of the leaves which remained 

 on the trees after the storm weiYj so dried that they v-ere unsuitable 

 for lerifhopper feeding. Under these conditions some of the hoppers 

 moved around from tree to tree, while others laid their eggs in the 

 bark earlier than usual and disappeared. Records over the past 10 

 years also indicate that severe leafhopper infestations are most 

 likely to occur during or immodi; tely follov/ing dry vreather in July, 

 August, September, and even the most imaginative fruit grower could 

 not classify the summer of 193^ as dry. 



Therefore, if anyone is foolish enough to make predictions 

 about orchard insect conditions in 1939 » possibly he might rs.lse a 

 faint whisper that the white apple leafhopper will be Icljs abundant 

 a.nd troublesome next year. W. D. \7}iitcomb. 



Items From Here and There 



One Funda me ntal Idea. Most of the pomological wisdom that I ac- 

 quired during my undergraduate days forty years ago has gone to 

 the discard. One thing that rem.ains 100^ true is the characteriza- 

 tion of a good orchard soil. A good orchard soil is "deep, well 

 drained, and at the same timiO retentive oi'' moisture." This is still 

 and probably always will be, sound doctrine. Much has been added to 

 this, and we place increased emphasis on the specification that the 

 soil must bo deep. Orcha.rds of the future planted on any soil that 

 does not conform to these specifications are likely t-; be sources 

 of loss and not of profit for the fruit grower. (J. K. Shaw) 



Sterilizing Old Aiople B oxes. Old apple boxes used for storage pur- 

 poses become covered and" the joints filled with spores of blue mold, 



