in each tree was given a chance to develop into a "leador". In no case were 

 two upright grov/ing branches ^raftijd at the sai.ie level, thus avoiding the double 

 top arran-Oiriont so co;-ixicn in bearing trees. Scjon gro'.rch not needed for breuich 

 replaconont was cut back during tho first 2 or 3 years after jrafting. As a 

 result this orchard is now made up of troos which arc not only of better var- 

 ieties than forncrly but ox better frcxiowork. 



If you could actually raise the tenperature of your orchard S on 

 a critical morning in liay by lightin^^ a few 5 £;allon paint pails of waste crank 

 case oil, tha,t v/ould seeu like a ;-;iiracle indeed. But that has been done in 

 at least one Ilassachusetts orchard \;here frost had previously destroyed three 

 successive crops. Keatin^^; has saved five successive crops since the paint pails 

 v/ere installed. Heatin;^, no: s-iud^ing- is needed, and obviously a close c.eck 

 r.iust be kept on orchard tei-iperatures by means of one or more strategically lo- 

 cated thermometers. The best arrangement of heaters is one in the center of 

 each 4-0-foot square. If a temperature near the critical point threatens, 

 every second one may be lighted, reserving the others for later use, if needed. 

 Some growers prefer a low grade fuel oil instead of crank case oil because 

 the latter tends to boil over if i': contains much water. This is somewhat ob- 

 viated oy filling the pail only half full. Throe methods of igniting have 

 been obsorvod, - a blow torch, a few kerosene 3oaked shavings dropped into the 

 pail, or a strip of si'.iiilarly treated burlap hung over the edge like a wick. 

 Follo-;.dng are the temperatures endured for 50 minutes by fruits at different 

 stages of develop-. -.ent i 



Buds Closed but Full Sm.all Green 

 Sho'./ing Color Bloom Fruits 

 Apples— Delicious 25° F. 23° 29° 



Rome Beauty 23 27 29 



Pears— Beurre Bosc 27 29 29 



Peaches 25 27 30 



Cherries 28 23 30 



Flum.s 25 28 30 



Grapes 30 31 31 



Some Cormnents on Appl e Marketing 



From various representatives of the trade v/e glean these comxients: 

 "Liore frequent servicing of scores .dth unifor.ly sized apples of good grade 

 is essential." 



"Better grading and sizin;^ are most important factors in influenc- 

 ing consum.ers to buy apples instead of other fruits." 



"Federal Surplus Goirj-.odity Corporation purchases to April 15 for 

 the 1939-40 season have am.ounted to nearly 9-^- million bushels. In cities v/here 

 the Stamp Plan \ra5 used for relief distribution of surplus cormiodities, 5/o of 

 the money y/as spent for apples, S/i for oranges, and 3-|fo for grapefruit." 



"Growers have a dsep affection for their cull apples. These ap- 

 pear to be their most cherSied possession. Cull apples are gathered solicitous- 

 ly, given an honored place on tho roadside or auction market, and they are 

 offered first and only to the consumer upon whose favor the sale of the best 

 apples depends." 



"A moderate increase in de;.:and with a reasonable diversion of the 

 less desirable apples can result in prices that should bring a reasonable pro- 

 fit to the average grower in good fruit sections. 



