The only practicable means of eliminating chokecherries seems to 

 te through the use of a weed killer, i-lor.'ing or even grubbing out the roots 

 is ineffective. Ordinarily a second application on the leaves is sufficient 

 to put the chokecherries out of commission. A new non-inflamraable material 

 of considerable promise is nov>r being tested at the State College. The in- 

 fecting distance appears to be about 300 feet. 



Russet Injury on Delicious Apples 



"~ Many" f 'a'ct'ors~c'o ntr i b ut e to the russetting of apples, but fundamen- 

 tally russetting is due to soluble arsenic. Laboratory tests have consistent- 

 ly shovm the merit of lime in reducing or preventin?^ the formation of soluble 

 arsenic, and this informetion is the basis for the lime recommendations in 

 the official spray schedule for apples issued by the State College. The re- 

 sults from our orchard spraying experiments support laboratory results in 

 favor of limt. V,'e have not obtained results to support the h;^othesis that 

 the addition of line weakens the sulfur. While soluble arsenic, in our opin- 

 ion, is the fundamental cause for the russetting of Delicious and Baldwin 

 apples and most of the yellowing and dropping of Greening foliage, its forma- 

 tion in injurious amounts is intimately bound up with cool, moist, slow-drying 

 weather during the early cover sprat's. That ^^,^6 of weather prevailed in 1940 

 but not in 1S41. Furtheniiore, almost 100% of the growers are novj using lime 

 with sulfur and load arsenate ro tha,t russetting in 1941 in commercial orchards 

 is not as evident as in other years. 



At IValtham, Delicious trees sprayed v;ithout the addition of lime, 

 show typical spray russet on the apples, wliile other trees sprayed vdth lime, 

 wettable sulfur and lead arsenate in the usual proportions, are free of it. 

 Yvith the type of drying v;eather that has prevailed this year, there is not 

 as much yello'.ving and dropping of Greening foliage as in 1940, and up to the 

 present time the contrasts between lime and no lime in the writer's experi- 

 ments are not significant. 



The number of pounds of lead arsenate and the brand of lead arsenate 

 can also be factors contributing to arsenical injury on apples. Therefore, 

 on varieties vxhich are especially susceptible, like Delicious and Baldv;in, 

 and vmere scab and curculio are not too serious problems, 3 lbs. of leed ar- 

 senate with 4 lbs, of a high grade wettable sulfur and 6 lbs. of lime w^ould 

 seem to be an ideal combination for the cover sprays. In one large coirimercial 

 orchard \'.'here this combination was used this year Delicious is free of russet, 



E. F, Guba 



Kaybe That's IThere They Come From 



Apple grovrers someti-ies say tliat they see no apple maggot flies be- 

 fore the middle of August. This suggests that the flies may be late in emerg- 

 ing from the ground in an occasional orchard. A migration of flies from other 

 trees is a more logical explanation, as illustrated by this observation made 

 August 12. 



On a certain farm in xvestern Massachusetts there is a scattering of 

 apple trees around the buildings including Yellov; Transparent and i.lclntosh 

 and a Baldwin orchard about 100 yards away. At the tine of our visit there 

 were about three bushels of maggot infested apples under a Transparent true,! 

 practically all of the apples having dropped to the ground, llo flif^s were in 



