-4- 



wise, the disease appears to be limited to the leaves that are produced early 

 in the season, with no evidence of secondary spread. 



However, it is known that thousands upon thousands of ascospores are 

 produced on the surface of curled leaves and that these are able to multiply 

 by budding in the same manner as yeast cells. These so-called bud cells or 

 spores are known to carry over on and between the bud scales where they have 

 ready access to the new shoot and leaves. It has also been learned that 

 either the ascospores or their bud-progeny may survive on the surface of 

 the limbs and tvdgs for an entire year and initiate the curl disease one 

 year from the time they were normally expected to infect the new shoots. 



The fact that the leaf curl spores winter over on the surface of the 

 tree top makes it possible to obtain good control of the disease with a sin- 

 gle disinfecting fungicidal spray. Perhaps the reason v.fhy bearing orchards 

 well sprayed during the fruiting season are not so likely to be damaged from 

 leaf curl as young trees is the eradicative action against the leaf curl 

 spores of the sulfur dusts and sprays applied during the summer. 



— 0. C. Boyd 



TRAINED DYfARF FRUI T TRE ES 



One of the most interesting poraological practices in France is the 

 training of dwarf fruit trees. Apples and pears are the most frequently used 

 for this purpose, but one also occasionally sees some of the stone fruits, 

 especially the peach, so treated. Sometimes they are trained as horizontal 

 cordons to form a low fence around the vegetable garden, but more frequently 

 they are trained in upright position as espaliers on a trellis or against the 

 garden wall. Much time and skill is required to properly develop and main- 

 tain the desired form, since they are usually pruned three times a year - 

 late winter, June and September - and fruit spurs are forced to develop in 

 abnormal positions instead of v/aiting for them to form in normal positions. 



At one chateau we saw what might be called a commercial planting of 

 these dwarf trees, two and one half acres in extent. Three different t^^es 

 of training were used; an open pyramidal type, a lov^, broad, hedge type 

 and espalier. Every third row vf&s espaliered against a concrete wall 8 feet 

 high especially built for that purpose. 



It must have cost plenty to "build" this orchard even in France where 

 labor is ordinarily cheap. On the two and one half acres there stood 3,600 

 of these dwarf trees which produced about 5 metric tons annually or roughly 

 250 bushels - a rather low production for that acreage judged by our standards, 



— A. P. French 



Fmi AI'ID HOME WEEK CUT TO TiiO DAYS - July 23 and 24, The Farm and 

 Home Vi'eek committee has reduced the 1946 program to two days instead 

 of three as originally scheduled. The dates are Tuesday , July 23 , 

 and y;ednesday , Jul y 24 , Tuesday will be devoted to fruit growing, 

 dairying, homemal-cing (flov;ers and food preservation), and youth. 

 Wednesday's program v/ill include homemaking, poultry, beekeeping. 

 Valley crops, and goats. 



