CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PAOS 



I.— Introduction 1 



II. — Foliage leaves: The light relation .... 6 



III. — Foliage leaves : Function, structure, and protection 28 



IV.— Shoots 53 



V. — Roots 89 



VI. — Reproductive organs 109 



VII. — Flowers and insects 123 



VIII. — An individual plant in all of its relations . . 138 



IX. — The struggle for existence 142 



X. — The nutrition of plants 149 



XL— Plant associations: Ecological factors . , .169 



XII. — Hydrophyte associations 177 



XIII. — Xerophyte associations 188 



XIV. — Mesophyte associations 214 



XV. — The plant groups 221 



XVI. — Thallophytes : Alg^ 224 



XVII. — The great groups of Alg^ 232 



XVIII. — Thallophytes: Fungi 264 



XIX. — Bryophytes (moss plants) 299 



XX. — The great groups of Bryophytes .... 308 



XXI. — Pteridophytes (fern plants) 320 



XXII. — The great groups of Pteridophytes .... 334 



XXIII. — Spermatophytes : Gymnosperms 343 



XXIV. — Spermatophytes: Angiosperms 358 



XXV. — Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons .... 376 



Glossary 383 



Index 389 



