PREFACE vii 



chapters were under the general direction of Dr. Henry C. 

 Cowles, while those of the remaining chapters were pro- 

 vided by Dr. Otis W. Caldwell. In this work Dr. Caldwell 

 had the very efficient assistance of S. M. Coulter, B. A. Gold- 

 berger, J. G. Land, and A. 0. Moore, whose names appear 

 in connection with the drawings they furnished. Grateful 

 acknowledgment should also be made to Dr. W. J. Beal, 

 whose little book entitled Seed Dispersal furnished several 

 illustrations ; and to Professor George F. Atkinson, whose 

 excellently illustrated Elementary Botany performed a like 

 service. Both of these authors are credited in connection 

 with the illustrations used from their works. The fine 

 illustrations from Kerner and from Schimper, and from 

 other authors, will also be recognized ; but their names will 

 all be found in the legends. 



John M. Coultee. 

 The University of Chicago, June, 1900. 



PKEFACE TO THE EEVISED EDITION 



During the last four years the science of Botany has 

 made rapid progress, both in the addition of new facts 

 and in changed points of view. Some of this progress 

 affects Plant Studies, and it is recorded in this revised 

 edition so far as it can be without a complete rewriting 

 of the volume. Changes will be found, therefore, in state- 

 ments of fact, in points of view, in terminology, in illus- 

 trations, and also in the addition of new material. 



John M. Coulter. 



The University of Chicago, April, 1904. 



