180 PEIMITIVE AGEICULTUEAL EACES 



deformed are nearly always killed. Among other instances this 

 practice is recorded of the Hausa,i Kagero,^ the Congo tribes 

 generallj^ — the Fangs being especially mentioned in this respect ^ 

 —the Mandja," the Basonge,^ the Ababua,^ the Bushongo,' the 

 Wanika,^ the Wakamba,^ in the Lenda district,!^ in the Lind 

 Hinterland," in British Central Africa, ^^ in Portuguebe East 

 Africa,i3 among the Kaffirs " and the Hottentots. i^ 



21 . The nature and frequency of warfare varies very greatly in 

 different parts of the Continent. Although among some few 

 tribes and in some districts war is as murderous as in America, 

 it is on the whole far less effective as an agent of elimination than 

 in that country. The position is somewhat complicated by the 

 fact that the more northern Negroid races have long been in 

 contact with Hamitic and Semitic tribes ; the latter have made 

 war on the former and greatly influenced the history of the 

 Negroid races. Movements have been set on foot and passed hke 

 waves over the whole Continent. 



War is not a very serious matter among the Gallinas of Sierra 

 Leone ^^ or the Ewe-speaking people of Togoland.^^ It was very 

 different in Dahomey ^^ and Benin ; ^^ the Amazons of the former 

 region have often been described. ^^ Tremearne gives an account 

 of the head-hunters of Nigeria, whose habits must have been the 

 cause of a great deal of elimination.^^ Throughout the whole 

 of this region, especially in Ashanti ^^ and Benin, human sacrifice 

 is practised on a large scale, and results in a considerable loss of 

 hfe.^'^ Passing farther south towards the Congo region, we find 

 that warfare is a moderately important factor of ehmination.^* 

 Weeks describes family, town, and district fights — the last two 

 developing out of the former ; considerable loss of life and material 



* Tremearne, Huusa Superstitions, p. 93. ■^ Ibid., Head-Hunters of Nigeria, 



p. 239. => Cureau, loc. cit., p. 177 ; Ward, ./. A. I., vol. xxiv, p. 291. Torday 



{Camp and Tramp, p. 142), when speaking of the Bayaka, mentions them as an 

 exception to the general rule that Congo tribes kill misshapen children. ■• Gaud, 



loc. cit., p. 257. 5 Yan Overbergh, loc. cit., No. 3, p. 241. * Halkin, 



loc. cit., p. 260. ' Torday and Joyce, Ann. Mus. Congo Beige, ser. 3, tomeii, 



p, 113. » Krapf, TmveZs, p. 193. ' Hildebrand, i?ecA« wnd ASzVte, p. 293. 



" Livingstone, Labours and Travels, p. 577. " Fiillebom, loc. cit., p. 62. 



1* Johnston, British Central Africa, p. 417. " Maugham, Portuguese East 



Africa, p. 270. " Barrow, loc. cit.. Vol. i, p. 157 ; Kidd, Essential Kaffir, 



p. 202 ; Shooter, Kaffirs of Natal, p. 88. '^ Theal, History and Ethnography, 



vol. i, p. 48. " Harris, loc. cit., p. 27. " Ellis, Ewe-Speaking Peoples, 



p. 190; Maclean, Compendium, p. 62. '* F. E. Forbes, Dahomey, p. 15. 



>» Ling Roth, Great Benin, p. 125. «» See Forbes, loc. cit., p. 23. 



" TremeAvne, Head-Hunters of Nigeria, passim. - Beecham, ^s^flwfee, p. 207. 



" See Ellis, Eu-e-Spealcing Peoples, pp. 117 £f, «^ Cureau, loc. cit., p. 348. 



