HEEEDITY IN MAN 363 



difficulty, and there is at present no agreement among psycho- 

 logists as to what ultimate faculties of the mind are given out 

 of which the characters we observe are compounded. Modern 

 analysis leads to the idea of mental process as the activity of 

 a subject. But though we may not think of the mind merely as 

 a bundle of faculties, we have to attribute certain faculties to the 

 subject, and the question arises as to what these faculties are. 



There is less difficulty with regard to the affective and conative 

 faculties, that is to say, those that are connected with feeling and 

 striving, than with regard to the cognitive faculties. Psycho- 

 logists are to some extent agreed as to what instincts can be 

 recognized. McDougall, for instance, gives the following list, 

 associating in each case with the impulse an emotion representing 

 the conative or affective aspect.^ (1) Instinct of fhght and / 

 emotion of fear. (2) Instinct of repulsion and emotion of disgust. 

 (3) Instinct of curiosity and emotion of wonder. (4) Instinct of 

 pugnacity and the combative emotion. (5) Instinct of self- 

 assertion and the emotion of elation. (6) Instinct of self-abasement 

 and the emotion of subjection. (7) Parental instinct and the 

 tender emotion. To the remaining instincts which he names 

 a special emotion is less definitely attached. These instincts are 

 those of reproduction, sexual jealousy, female coyness, gre- 

 gariousness, acquisition, and construction. This list is not 

 exhaustive ; there are other instincts of less importance, such 

 as the instinct which tends to make a boy at a certain age leave 

 his home. The list, however, includes all the more important 

 instincts. 



There are a number of other emotions often described as 

 primary which McDougall describes as complex. Thus, according 

 to his view admiration is a combination of wonder and self- 

 abasement. When fear is added, we have the emotion of awe, 

 and when gratitude is added we have the emotion of reverence. 

 Gratitude is itself a combination of tender emotion and self- 

 abasement. In a similar fashion loathing, fascination, and envy 

 can be explained. According to this view, therefore, we should 

 not think of separate predispositions towards these complex 

 emotions as existing in the germinal constitution ; we should 

 think of them as determined by the predispositions towards the 

 simpler emotions. 



* McDougall, Social Psychology, ch. iii. 



