i 38 Encyclopaedia of Gardening 



respc ctively. They are generally raised by inserting a bud in the 

 main stem of a stock (for best stocks, see the various fruits) a few 



inches above the ground 

 in summer. If the bud 

 dries up, the stock is cut 

 back to about 6 ins. and 

 whip-grafted (see Graft- 

 ing) the following spring. 

 Some nurserymen supply 

 standards with fruit spurs 

 on the stems, and these 

 spurs may be kept for a 

 few years, but should be 

 gradually cleared away as 

 the heads extend. Bushes 

 and pyramids are gene- 

 rally put on dwarfing 

 stocks by budding or 

 grafting. Bushes are 

 gradually supplanting 

 standards, except perhaps 

 with market growers. 



STANDARD FRUIT TREE AFTER BEING PRUNED THE Tne Y ar e planted about 

 PREVIOUS WINTER. half the distance apart, as 



x and 2. Main stem. 3. Points of previous year's we have seen, generally 

 pruning. 4. Spurs. 5. Young shoots that ought on cultivated ground, not 

 to be pruned at the bars, otherwise they will break PT ooo lo n H Tri^v an* 

 weakly at the tips (6). 7. Shoots which have been 8 ra f 



summer pruned marked for shortening. better man Standards tor 



small gardens, and come 



into bearing sooner. Fans are good for walls, especially in the 



case of Plums, Cherries, and Peaches. Espaliers are trees with 



several tiers of horizontal branches, and are very good for growing 



on strained wires at the side of 



walks. Cordons take up the 



least room of all. They are trees 



with only one stem, and may be t 



planted diagonally 2 ft. apart 



against a wall or fence. They 



are prevented from making side 



branches, and are kept fruitful 



by summer pruning. Horizontal 



cordons suitable for training on 



low strained wires are procurable. 

 Staking. Standards need stak- 

 ing, and half-standards are the 



better for it. Strong ash stakes 



about 1 8 ins. longer than the 



stems are needed. The lower end FAN TREE. Fig. A. 



should be painted, tarred, and x Stock. 2. First pruning. 3. Summer 



after drying driven well down growth. 4 . Second pruning. 



at the time the hole is made for planting. At the point 



where the ligature is put, a piece of old bicycle tyre or other pro- 



