PREFACE. IX 



Upper Canada was changed to Ontario, that of Lower Canada to 

 Quebec, and the name Canada was extended by the Imperial Parliament 

 to the whole Dominion, including New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. 

 This change of nomenclature the author has found it impossible fully 

 to adopt, in consequence of the necessity established by stubborn 

 geological facts, of comparing Acadia collectively with the remaining 

 provinces of the Dominion of Canada. The reader will therefore 

 kindly understand, that wherever in the following pages the terms 

 Canada and Acadia are used in contradistinction, the foi-mer includes 

 the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, the latter the provinces of New 

 Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. In other words, 

 for the purposes of this volume, I regard the Dominion of Canada, 

 with Prince Edward Island, as divisible into the two natural regions 

 of Cayiada Proper and Acadia. 



I may add that, though, as a Nova Scotian, I must sympa- 

 thize with the natural indignation of my countrymen, in view 

 of the hasty and, I fear, ill-advised Imperial legislation which has 

 deprived them, for the present at least, of their cherished provincial 

 independence and direct connexion with the mother country, and has 

 attached them to the new and untried Canadian '' Dominion," I shall 

 rejoice if the confederation shall result in the effectual extension of 

 the labours of the Canadian Geological Survey, under the able 

 management of my friend Sir William E. Logan, to the whole of 

 British America : a union for scientific purposes, open to none of the 

 objections which may be urged against the recent political changes, 

 and which I strongly advocated in my First Edition. 



For myself, I confess that at an earlier period of my life it was a 

 cherished object of ambition with me, that it might be my lot to work 

 out in a public capacity the completion of some, at least, of the de- 

 partments of geological investigation opened up to me in my native 

 province ; but it has been otherwise decreed ; and however I may 

 regret the want of that extraneous aid, which would have enabled me 

 to devote myself more completely to original researches, by which 

 my own reputation and the interests of my country might have been 

 advanced, I am yet thankful that I have been enabled to do so much 

 by my own unaided resources, and that I have also been able to assist 



