314 DOMESTIC ANIMALS 



as beast of all work. In China, Borneo, Java, and India is found 

 a species of cattle known as zebu cattle which differ in many 

 respects from our own cattle. In these countries they are used to 

 draw plows, carts, and all kinds of vehicles. In the United States 

 oxen have always been used to a large extent in lumber camps, 

 where their services have been useful in logging. One may see 

 large numbers of them in Washington, Oregon, and some of the 

 Southern States. 



Cattle are raised principally for beef and dairy purposes. Their 

 hides are valuable for making leather, their hoofs for glue, their 

 hair for plaster, their bones for buttons, ornaments, and ferti- 

 lizers, and their horns are utilized for making powder flasks, dinner 

 horns, knife handles, and other useful articles. 



Beef Breeds. The chief beef breeds are the Aberdeen-Angus, 

 the Galloway, Devon, Red Polled Cattle, Shorthorns, Polled Dur- 

 hams, Herefords, Sussex, West Highland, Simmenthal, and native 

 or scrub cattle. 



Aberdeen-Angus Breed. These cattle originated in northeastern 

 Scotland, in Aberdeen County and vicinity. They have compact 

 bodies, polled or hornless head, smooth neck, and prominent 

 shoulders; the back has great relative depth and tends to dip at 

 the withers, and the legs are generally short and finely shaped. 

 The usual color is black. 



Galloway cattle. The native home of the Galloway cattle is the 

 ancient province of Galloway, in the southwestern part of Scotland. 

 The early varieties were horned, but all those of the present time 

 are polled or hornless. The color is generally black, but a 

 brownish or reddish tint in the black is not regarded as objec- 

 tionable. They are somewhat smaller and coarser in bone and 

 hair than the Aberdeen-Angus, and they are so hardy that they 

 readily withstand all extremes of temperature. The hides of 

 Galloway cattle are especially valuable, when properly tanned, 

 for making fur overcoats, lap robes, and floor rugs. 



The Devon cattle originated in the counties of Devon and Som- 

 erset in southwestern England. The color of Devon cattle varies 

 from light red to dark red. The hair about the muzzle is of a flesh 

 color, while that about the eyes is a creamy tint. The body is of 

 medium size and the legs are small. The North Devon cattle have 



