54 PRIMITIVE PATERNITY 



pepper-garden, with everything that he can gain or 

 earn, belong to the family. He is liable to be divorced 

 at their pleasure, and though he has children must 

 leave all and return naked as he came. The family 

 sometimes indulge him with leave to remove to a 

 house of his own and take his wife with him ; but he 

 his children and effects are still their property. If he 

 has not daughters by the marriage he may redeem 

 himself and his wife by paying \\er jujur ; but if there 

 are daughters before they become emancipated the 

 difficulty is enhanced, because the family are likewise 

 entitled to their value. It is common, however, when 

 they are upon good terms, to release him on the pay- 

 ment of one jujur, or at most with the addition of an 

 adat of fifty dollars. With this addition, he may 

 insist upon a release whilst his daughters are not 

 marriageable. If the family have paid any debts for 

 him he must also make them good." * 



It is obvious that these forms of marriage are 

 the adaptation to a comparatively advanced civilisation 

 of much more primitive arrangements. The jiijur 

 marriage by its elaborate qualifications and conditions 

 betrays its highly artificial character. The ambel-anak 

 is simpler. But the husband's subordination among 

 his wife's relatives has been emphasised by the 

 growth of a patriarchal form of society. The result 

 has been that the more archaic form of marriage has 

 become degraded and been left, as among the Tho of 

 Tonkin, to youths of a lower class of society or too 



1 Marsden, 225, 235, 257, 262. Cf. Bastian, Indonesien, iii, 6, 

 21, 22, 87. As in Japan, ambel-anak seems to be still used in some 

 places to continue a family when for want of sons the heirship has 

 fallen to a daughter (Marsden, 264). 



