FEEDING WORK ANIMALS AND GROWING ANIMALS 459 



sary for the full development of bones and muscles, and increases 

 the resistance to adverse influences of weather and disease. 



Calves. Calves should be allowed mother's milk for the first 

 few days. Calves intended to be used as milch cows should receive 

 daily 1/7 to 1/8 of their live weight of full milk, for at least 

 three weeks. Animals to be used for fattening should receive 

 daily 1/5 to 1/6 of their weight of milk for about six weeks. 

 Fresh milk, while still warm, is best. Ten liters milk or 1.2 kilo- 

 grams solids produce about I kilogram live weight increase. The 

 increase is, of course, proportional to the excess over the main- 

 tenance requirements and not to the live weight. 



Other food should be introduced gradually. Skim milk may 

 replace the full milk gradually, replacing the fat lost in skimming 

 by a paste made of linseed or oat meal, 25 to 30 grams, to y 2 liter 

 of milk. Later linseed cake, bran, etc., may be used. Sour milk 

 should be introduced gradually. 



Calves have only one stomach and can utilize only easily diges- 

 tible food. As they grow older, other stomachs develop and they 

 can then use hay, etc. The animal gradually becomes accustomed 

 to hay. At the end of the third month, beets, straw, softened 

 oats, barley or pea meal, oil meal, malt germs, etc., may be fed. 



When milk alone is fed, an addition of about 15 grams of pre- 

 cipitated chalk per day has been found beneficial. There is sel- 

 dom a deficiency of phosphoric acid, but if straw and much grain 

 is fed, there may not be enough lime in the food. 



Lambs. Lambs are usually weaned from 3 to 4 weeks after 

 birth. Good meadow hay, and soaked oats, are fed and not too 

 cold water. They should be allowed to suck often, at first. 

 Sudden changes from stall to pasture are injurious. Lambs thrive 

 on pasture. They require stronger food than calves. 



Swine. Pigs suck 6 to 8 weeks, but when 2 to 3 weeks old 

 they begin to eat. They may be given unground barley or wheat 

 grains or soaked oats, also some wood charcoal, hard coal, earth 

 or sand. After three weeks, whole cow's milk heated and diluted 

 y 2 with water, may be fed. Milk and grain contain enough phos- 

 phoric acid, but not enough lime. It is well to add some pre- 



