ENGLISH AGRICULTURE. 57 



geological lectures to see how the new red sandstone, buried 

 as it is under hundreds and thousands of feet of depth, can 

 ever form the surface, as do also the coal measures and the still 

 deeper strata. At the risk of being considered trite I must 

 follow up the explanation. It has been effected by an up- 

 heaving volcanic force by which the inclination of these beds 

 ms been altered, so that they have been upturned in a manner 

 'hich can be easily shown by a diagram (Fig. 1). Their 

 Iges have been exposed in the way indicated. More than that, 

 , r e find that large tracts of country, by the process of denud- 

 ition, have come to be represented by certain rocks which at 

 >ne time were buried under vast accumulations of deposited 

 latter. Examination of a geological map shows that the 

 ipheaving force to which I have alluded has been applied 

 ipon the north and upon the west sides of these islands. "If 

 , r e examine the general physical features of Great Britain, 

 re see evidence of this in the north and in the west of 

 Ingland ; in Cumberland, in North Wales, in South Wales, 

 Devonshire, and in Cornwall. There is evidence that 

 volcanic force has raised those parts of the country, giving 

 them a rugged contour and increasing their altitude, the 

 country, in fact, rising in those directions into mountains 

 dth other evidences of upheaval ; whereas upon the east 

 side of England the country is flat. The upheaving force 

 is therefore been applied upon the north and upon the 

 rest, and, as might be expected, the outcrop of the various 

 )rmations takes place in a north-westerly direction. Now 

 rhat is the real state of the case ? It is this. If we take 

 train from London to Manchester we traverse first the 

 mdon clay; we then cut through the chalk; we then 

 raverse the greensand; we next find ourselves upon the 

 )ils of the upper oolite, then upon the soils of the middle 

 oolite, then upon the soils of the lower oolite ; we shall then 

 cross the lias and the new red sandstone. We shall not 





