MR. newhall's address. 13 



The scarcity and piice of manure renders it all important to the far- 

 mer, that it should be applied, so as to receive the fullest benefit 

 from it. In order to do this, the land should be ploughed, harrowed, 

 and rolled, until it is of fine tilth, and the manure should be made 

 fine, the finer the better ; spread, ploughed or harro^Yed in, when it 

 will be immediately incorporated with the soil, and the crops receive 

 the full benefit cf it. 



Orcharding, which had been for a great number of years, almost 

 entirely neglected, has for the last twenty or thirty years generally 

 received its full share of the farmer's attention. Sixty years ago 

 there were many old orchards ; but very few had been planted for a 

 number of years previous to that time, and there were very few nur- 

 series in the county, except such as had grown up where the pomace 

 from the cider mills had been deposited in heaps. About this time, 

 when planting out apple orchards recommenced, these wild nurser- 

 ies furnished almost exclusively, the young plants, which after hav- 

 ing been set in orchards for a number of years, were some of them 

 engrafted from old trees, which bore the best fruit we then had ; 

 but most of the scions being taken from old trees, or old varieties 

 the fruit of the young orchards generally bore the marks of old age, 

 and some of them continued to bear but a few years, although set on 

 young and vigorous stocks. Some varieties are wholly extinct. Of 

 the Nourse's Sweeting, so called, which were plenty in this market 

 about sixty years ago, not one is to be found, although many young 

 trees were engrafted with this variety about that time. 



We cannot prolong the existence of any particular kind of fruit, 

 by engrafting from old on to young trees, beyond the natural life 

 of the original tree, or the time it would cease to bear fruit by old 

 age, if Uving. We must go back to the seed for a new generation. 

 If I am correct, the importance of budding or engrafting our nur- 

 series from new varieties must be apparent, as an orchard of a vari- 

 ety that is not more than twenty or thirty years old, will last seventy 

 or eighty years longer, than one of a variety of an hundred years 

 old, two hundred years being considered the age of the apple tree. 

 I am aware that there are many who will smile at the idea that a 

 scion taken from an old and placed upon a young tree, continues to 

 number its years. They say that its age is renewed as soon as it is 

 supported by the sap of the young tree— that it has no affinity to the 

 j old tree. If so, why is not the fruit changed ? If the scion, when 



