-5- 



Indirect Pests - Injury from 2 indirect pests, white apple leafhopper 

 (WAL) , and aphids, was substantial in some blocks. 2nd generation WAL 

 populations reached outbreak levels immediately prior to Mcintosh harvest 

 in at least one monitored orchard (active stages exceeding 10 per leaf). 

 Injury to leaves and excrement on fruit was extensive in this case. A 

 further problem was the annoyance factor of leafhoppers flying into 

 picker's faces during harvest. While aphids were controlled by predators 

 at many sites this year, substantial sooty mold growth on honeydew (as high 

 as 43% of fruit in one case) can probably be explained by lack of 

 significant rain showers in many areas. 



Pyrethroid insecticides (e.g. Pydrin) provided excellent control of 

 leafminers in almost all cases. Interestingly, growers who used 

 pyrethroids averaged only 1.6 percent TPB injury versus the state average 

 of 2.52%, reinforcing our earlier research plot data which suggested that 

 pyrethroids may be excellent materials for integrating controls of a key 

 direct pest (TPB) and a key indirect pest (ABLM/STLM). Growers who applied 

 carbamate materials against 1st generation miners generally experienced 

 excellent control results. Where 1st and 2nd generation controls were not 

 adequate, 3rd generation moth flight was quite large, as expected. A few 

 growers applied sprays for miners of this generation, even though such 

 sprays may be more harmful then helpful. 



Spider mites (European red mites, two spotted mites) were a problem at 

 many locations throughout the year, due to hot, dry weather. Frequent 

 reapplication of miticide was needed in some cases to achieve control. 

 Even where controls were applied, some locations experienced late mite 

 outbreaks with renewed hot weather in early September. Levels of our major 



