94 MEMORIAL SKETCH. 



some very curious Rhizopods, with sandy envelopes. And what 

 was of special interest as marking the tropical source of the 

 warm band, was the presence of two large forms of shelly Fo- 

 raminifera, of types precisely corresponding to those of warm 

 waters, and living. If they had been dead, they might have 

 been regarded as mere drifts. 



A week later the ship found shelter again in Storno- 

 vvay. From this haven of rest, in the light of their recent 

 successes, the memory of their first troubles faded away. 



Nothing but the strong motive which induced me to make 

 the original application (wrote Dr. Carpenter) would have kept 

 me up through its early miseries and discouragements. If we 

 had had to come home with our tails between our legs, instead 

 of with the flying colours with which our ship was literally decked 

 when we came into port, my present feelings would have been 

 very different. 



The results of these investigations were summed up in 

 two important generalizations. In the first place, the phe- 

 nomena of temperature led Dr. Carpenter to conjecture 

 that besides what is properly called the Gulf Stream, i.e. 

 " the current of heated water which issues from the Gulf 

 " of Mexico," there was a " continual interchange between 

 " the oceanic waters of equatorial and polar regions." The 

 water cooled in the polar seas, he argued, must sink, and 

 displace the water that is warmer than itself, pushing it 

 away towards the equator. In the deepest parts of the 

 ocean, therefore, there would be a progressive movement 

 in the equatorial direction ; whilst, conversely, the warm 

 water of the tropical seas, being the lighter, would spread 

 itself north and south over the surface of the ocean, and 

 would thus move towards the polar regions, losing its heat 

 as it approached them, till, under the influence of polar cold, 

 it again sank to the bottom, and the same round was re- 

 traced anew. This view of ocean-circulation had been, in 



