262 FRAGMENTS OF SCIENCE 



ought, however, to remember that it is not only a band 

 of Jesuits, weaving their schemes of intellectual slavery, 

 under the innocent guise "of education," that we are 

 opposing. Our foes are to some extent of our own house- 

 hold, including not only the ignorant and the passionate, 

 but a minority of minds of high calibre and culture, lovers 

 of freedom moreover, who, though its objective hull be 

 riddled by logic, still find the ethic life of their religion 

 unimpaired. But while such considerations ought to influ- 

 ence the form of our argument, and prevent it from ever 

 slipping out of the region of courtesy into that of scorn 

 or abuse, its substance^ I think, ought to be maintained 

 and presented in unmitigated strength. 



In the year 1855 the chair of philosophy in the Uni- 

 versity of Munich happened to be filled by a Catholic 

 priest of great critical penetration, great learning, and 

 great courage, who had borne the brunt of battle long be- 

 fore DSllinger. His Jesuit colleagues, he knew, incul- 

 cated the belief that every human soul is sent into the 

 world from God by a separate and supernatural act of 

 creation. In a work entitled the "Origin of the Human 

 Soul," Professor Frohschammer, the philosopher here al- 

 luded to, was hardy enough to question this doctrine, 

 and to affirm that man, body and soul, comes from his 

 parents, the act of creation being, therefore, mediate and 

 secondary only. The Jesuits keep a sharp lookout on 

 all temerities of this kind; and their organ, the "Civility 

 Cattolica," immediately pounced upon Frohschammer. 

 His book was branded as "pestilent," placed in the Index, 

 and stamped with the condemnation of the Church.* The 



' King Maximilian II. brought Liebig to Munich, he helped HelmhoUz in 

 Jhis researches, and loved to liberate and foster science. But through his liberal 



