^30 Modern Riding and Horse Education 



the sixteenth century, but was introduced as new by 

 M. Raabe (amongst others) compartively recently. 

 It should never be needed in a country like England, 

 where horses are bred in domesticity. 



The next appliance we come to is the Galvayne 

 Strap, to connect the head-collar to the horse's tail. 

 A piece of rope will generally answer the purpose. 

 When a horse is tied in this manner he can only 

 move in a circle and soon tires, which makes sub- 

 jugation simple. Jennings, writing in 1866, men- 

 tions this as a common practice ; both Galvayne and 

 Sample are credited with introducing it into Eng- 

 land, but the idea was not original. Tying the tail- 

 hairs to the bridle was written about in the sixteenth 

 century, and doubtless practised long before that 

 date. It teaches the horse nothing, and its effect is 

 only temporary; as previously mentioned, the long 

 reins are useful for gentling when necessary, and if 

 a horse cannot be disciplined without them he had 

 better be sold. 



Modern authors do not advocate the use of 

 " Pillars," another appliance consisting of two 

 posts a short distance apart, between which the 

 horse is placed and attached by the reins. They 



