Appliances for Horse- training^ 231 



have been a great deal used in the past, not only for 

 Haute Ecole work, but for getting the horse's 

 hocks under him by driving him up to the bit with a 

 whip. They are used in France now to train " Sau- 

 teurs," and in France and Austria to train Haute 

 Ecole horses in exercises such as the " cour- 

 bette" (Plate XXI) and the ** croupade " (Plate 

 XXH). The originator of the idea seems to have 

 been Eumenes, who when besieged at the fort 

 of Nora by Antigonus, bridled his horses in the sta- 

 ble and attached the reins to pulleys in the roof, and 

 requisitioned people to lash them with whips from 

 behind. He thus gave them exercise, and taught 

 them to what Berenger calls " yerk " out behind, 

 the consequence being that when the siege was raised 

 his horses wxre in condition and fit for service in the 

 field. 



A Neapolitan named Pignatelli is credited with 

 the invention of pillars. He was the most famous 

 horseman of his time, and published a work called 

 " Ludus Equestris " in 1520. Two pupils of Pigna- 

 telli's named Broue and Pluvinel first introduced 

 the pillars into France, and until the time of Bour- 

 gelat (1750) they appear to have been in general 



