236 Modern Riding and Horse Education 



lip or in the mouth. It has the great advantage over 

 the ordinary twitch that pain need only be inflicted 

 on the animal at the necessary moment; with the 

 ordinary twitch it is of course constant. The ap- 

 pliance may sometimes be useful for disciplinary 

 purposes when other measures have failed. 



The Austrian Nose-band, or Wischzaum, 

 which is attached below the bit, and is supposed to 

 have been brought out by von Oeynhausen, author 

 of several works on equine matters, is In constant 

 use in Austrian and German training schools. It is 

 undoubtedly the best form of nose-band for training 

 purposes when the employment of any is indicated. 

 Any sort of fixed nose-band, if tight, carries with it 

 the following disadvantage, v/hich is clearly brought 

 out by Cesaresco, namely, that it impedes the move- 

 ment of the lower jaw and thus partially stops the 

 flow of saliva. Salivation is like oil to machinery, 

 and prevents the mouth from becoming irritated. 

 The nose-band certainly increases the power of the 

 hands. 



The Bearing-rein, either over-head or ordinary, 

 can be attached to the saddle for mounted work : its 

 disadvantages have already been dealt with. 



