JUG 



J U N 



under the nuts when they are set : the distance 

 to be six inches, and the depth two inches. 

 After two seasons they should be removed early in 

 autumn, and planted fourteen or sixteen inches 

 asunder, on the same kind of bottom, or any 

 hard ruhbish, to prevent them from striking 

 downwards, and to induce them to spread their 

 roots on the surface. At the end of two or 

 three years this should be repeated again, mak- 

 ing the bedding at the depth of fifteen or sixteen 

 inches, and planting tiieni two feet asunder : 

 here let them remain three or four years, when 

 they will be fit to remove for the last time. The 

 soil for fruit-trees should be dry and sound, with 

 a sandy, gravelly, or chalky botton). The trees 

 managed in Ihis way> he says, will have higher 

 flavoured fruit, ripen earlier, and bear a plenti- 

 ful crop twenty years sooner than in the usual 

 method. The best manure for them is ashes, 

 spread the beginning of winter, the land having 

 been first ploughed or dug over. 



And as plants raised from the inits of the 

 same tree bear fruit of very different qualities, he 

 advises tlie inarching one of the best sorts on 

 the common Walnut-tree ; by which method 

 the planter is secure of his sort, and will have 

 fruit in one-third of the time that he would ob- 

 tain it from the nut. This method can, how- 

 ever, be practicable only in few situations. The 

 length of time in which the Walnut bears well 

 from the nut is about twenty years. 



The nuts of the two other sorts are procured 

 from America by the nurserymen. 



The first sort is cultivated for ornament, as 

 •well as the nut or fruit which it affords. The 

 fruit is used in two different stages of its growth; 

 -i--as, when green, to pickle ; and when ripe, to 

 eat the kernel. For the first purpose, the young- 

 green Walnut, when about half or near three 

 parts grown, before the outer coat and internal 

 shell. become hard, is most excellent; for which 

 they are generally ready in July or the fol- 

 lowing month, and should be gathered by hand, 

 chusingsuchasareas free from specks as possible. 

 The fruit is discovered to be fully ripe by the 

 outer husk easily separating from the nut, or by 

 the husks sometimes opening, and the nuts 

 dropping out ; it is usually about the latter end 

 of September, which, in trees of considerable 

 growth, is commonly beaten down with long 

 poles ; for, as the Walnuts grow mostly at the 

 extremity of the branches, it would, in very 

 large spreading trees, be troublesome and tedious 

 work to gather them by hand. As soon as ga- 

 thered, they should be laid in heaps a few days 

 to heat and sweat, to cause their outer husks, 

 which closely adhere, to separate from the shell 

 of the uutsj then be cleaned from the rubbishy 



and deposited in a dry room for use, cover- 

 mg them over close with dry straw, a foot thick, 

 where they will keep three or four months. 

 They are always ready sale at market, in large 

 towns, where, at their first coming in, they are 

 brought with their husks on, and sold by the 

 sack, or bushel, but afterwards cleaned, and 

 sold both by measure and the thousand. 



Plantations of these trees are therefore profitable, 

 in their annual crops of fruit, while growino-, 

 and in their timber, when felled or cut down. 

 These, as well as the other sorts, may many 

 of them be admitted into clumps and planta- 

 tions, in large pleasure-grounds, for variety. 

 After one or two years the other sorts are nearly 

 as hardy as the first ; but till that lime should 

 be protected against frosts in the winter season. 

 JUNIPERUS, a genus containing plants of 

 the evergreen tree and shrub kinds. 



It belongs to the class and order Dioecia Mo- 

 nadelphia, and ranks in the natural order of Co- 

 nij'erce. 



The characters are : that in the male the calyx 

 is a conical ament, consisting of a common 

 shaft, on which are disposed three opposite 

 flowers in triple opposition; a tenth terminating 

 the ament : each flower has for its base a broad, 

 short, incumbent scale affixed to the column of 

 the receptacle: there is no corolla : the stamina 

 have filaments (in the terminal flosculc) three, 

 (four to eight), awl-shaped, united below into 

 one body : (in the lateral flowers scarce mani - 

 fest:) anthers three, distinct in the terminal 

 flower, but fastened to the calycine scale, in the la- 

 teral ones : in the females the calyx is a three- parted 

 perianthium, very small, growing to the germ, 

 permanent : the corolla has three petals, perma- 

 nent, rigid, acute : the pistillum is an inferior 

 germ : styles three, simple : stigmas simple : 

 the pericarpium is a fleshy berry, roundish, 

 marked on the lower part with three opposite 

 obscure tubercles (from the calyx having grown 

 there), and at the tip by three teeth (which be- 

 fore were the petals), umbilicated : the seed 

 three ossicles, convex on one side, cornered on 

 the other, oblong. 



The species cultivated are: \ . J. communis. 

 Common Juniper; 2. J. Ox^/cedrus, Brown- 

 berried Juniper ; 3, J. tliur'ifera, Spanish Ju- 

 niper; 4. J. Barbade?iiis, Barbadoes Juniper; 

 5. J. Bermudiana, Bermudas Juniper ; 6. J. 

 Subina, Savin; 7. J. Virginlana, Virginian 

 Juniper, or Red Cedar; 8. J. P/icenicea, Phce- 

 nician Juniper, or Cedar; y. J. Lycia, Lycian 

 Juniper, or Cedar. 



The first is a low shrub, seldom rising more 

 than three feet high, sending out many spread- 

 ing tough branches, which incline on every 



