p I p 



p I p 



plantations, where the trees are arrived to a 

 •large growth, it is however customary to lop 

 their lower branches grackialiy for faggots, ac- 

 cording OlS they begin to decay ; for where these 

 trees stand close, the upper brandies generally 

 kill those below, so that tiie lower tiers decay 

 gradually and successively ; in which case these 

 decaying lower branches may be lopped by de- 

 grees in winter. 



After the plantations designed for timber- 

 trees have had eight, ten, or twelve years' 

 growth, it may be proper to begin to thin theni ; 

 those thinned out may serve for many smaller 

 purposes, being careful in thinning to leave a 

 sufficiencv of the finest plants standing at pro- 

 per distances to grow up for timber. 



These trees are all highly ornamental ever- 

 greens for the pleasure-grounds. 



In regard to the distribution or arrangement 

 of the trees in the plantations, and mode of plant- 

 ing, those designed for the shrubbery and for 

 ornamental plantations may be disposed both in 

 assemblage with other trees, and to form 

 •clumps, and continued plantations. Those in- 

 tended as forest-trees should generally be dis- 

 posed alone in considerable plantations. The 

 method of planting them is the same as in 

 other hardy trees ; but where large plantations 

 in out-groiuxls are intended either for pleasure 

 or profit, there will not be any great necessity 

 for a previous preparation of the soil, with re- 

 spect to digging or ploughing, only just to dig a 

 hole for each tree : the same rule may also be ob- 

 served in planting clumps of them in lawns, parks, 

 and other grass-grounds, the mould being made 

 fine in the bottoms of them. Those designed 

 principally for ornament should be disposed at 

 such distances as that their branches may ex- 

 tend freely every way ; as the beautiful display 

 of the head is a great merit in these trees in such 

 plantations; but those intended for timber plan- 

 tations may be put only four or five feet distant, 

 in order tliat they may draw one another up 

 straio'hi and tall more expcditiouslv, and to ad- 

 mit of a gradual thinning after a few years' 

 growth, for poles. Sec. 



The proper methods of raising and planting 

 out all the different sorts, in the view of afford- 

 ing timber or shelter in large plantations, may 

 he seen in the new edition of Miller's Dicti- 

 onary. 



PIPER, a sjenus containing plants of the 

 herbaceous shrubby perennial exotic kinds. 



It belongs to the class and order Diandria 

 Trigynia, and ranks in the natural order of Pi- 

 perites. 



The characters arc : that the calyx has no 

 Vol. II. 



perfect spathe : spadix filiform, quite simple, 

 covered with florets: perianthium none : there 

 is no corolla : the siainina have no filaments : 

 anthers two, opposite, at the root of the germ, 

 roundish : the pistilltuii has a larger ovate germ : 

 style none : stigma threefold, hispid : the pc- 

 ricarpium is a roundish one-celled berry : the 

 seed single, globular. 



l^he species are: 1. P. nignrm, Black Pepper: 

 2. P. Jlmalago, Rough-leaved Pepper; 3. P. 

 longum, Long Pepper; 4. P. metliysticum, In- 

 toxicating Pepper, or Ava; 5. P. retiailahim, 

 Netted-leaved Pepper; 6. P.adimmm, Hooked- 

 spiked Pepper; 7- P. peUuddum, PelJueid-lcaved 

 Pepper ; S. P. ohtusifoUum, Blunt-leaved Pep- 

 per. 



The first has a shrubbv, very long, rotmd, 

 smooth, jointed stem, swelling towards each 

 joint, slender, branched, scandent or trailing, 

 rooted at the joints : the leaves acuminate, 

 quite entire, equal at the base, llattish, bent back 

 a little at the top and edges, alternate, of a dark 

 green colour, at the joints of the branches upon 

 strong sheath-like footstalks: the flowers ses- 

 sile, lateral, and terininating, in simple, longisli 

 spikes, opposite to the leaves : the berry globu- 

 lar, of a red brown colour. It grows in the 

 East Indies and Coehinchina. 



Martyn observes, that " White Pepper was 

 formerly thought to be a different species from 

 the Black ; but it is nothing more than the ripe 

 berries deprived of their skin, by steeping them 

 about a fortnight in water ; after which they 

 are dried in the sun. The berries, falling to 

 the ground when over-ripe, lose their outer 

 coat, and are sold as an inferior sort of White 

 Pepper." 



The second species is a shrub from three to 

 ten feet in height : stem even : branches dicho- 

 tomous, jointed, subdivided, round, brownish 

 green : the leaves alternate, acuminate, not ob- 

 lique, nerved and veined, very thin, bright 

 green, smooth, paler underneath : the petioles 

 round, smooth : the joints swelling: the spikes 

 peduncled, opposite to the leaves, filiform, loose, 

 many-flowered: the flowers clustered: the berry 

 sessile, containing a single seed, double the size 

 of hempseed, black when ripe, of a taste slightly 

 pungent. It is a native of Jamaica and Hispa- 

 niola. 



The third has the stems shrubby, round, 

 smooth, branched, slender, cliinbing, but not 

 to any considerable height: the leaves differing 

 much in size and form; but commonly heart- 

 shaped, pointed, entire, smooth, nerved, deep 

 green, alternate: the flowers small, in short 

 dense terminating spikes, which are nearly cy- 

 2 G 



