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tciwards the boiiiularies oF lawns, parks, pad- 

 docks, &c. others in avenues, groves, thickets, 

 and cUinips, variously disposed in diOerent 

 parts ; and somctinies the trees and shrubs toge- 

 ther, t'orniing shrubljcries, wildernesses, shady 

 walks, and wood-works ; placing those of taller 

 growth backward, and the lowei-'in front ; bor- 

 dering the whole with the most beautifnl flow- 

 ering shrubs and showy evcr-greens, espceially 

 next the ])rnicipal w alks and lawns, varvino- the 

 form of all the several compartments, sometimes 

 by moderate sweeps and curves outward and in- 

 ward, of different dimensions, other parts in 

 long easy bends, varied projections and breaks, 

 so as to diversify the scene in imitation of natu- 

 ral Plantations. The proper distances, in plant- 

 ^ ing, mav be from five or ten to fifteen or twenty 

 feet : for example, the tall trees designed for 

 continued Plantations may be from ten to fifteen 

 or twenty feet, varying the distance in different 

 parts, according to light and shade, &c. and 

 those in groves, where open may be fifteen or 

 twenty feet distance, and where close ten or 

 twelve; for thickets, five or six feet, or closer 

 in particular places where a very dark shade or 

 thick coverture of wood is required ; and in 

 clumps of trees, from live or ten to twenty feet 

 between the trees in each clump, varving the 

 distance occasionally, according to growth, as 

 also the sorts and numbers of trees in each, from 

 two or three, to five, ten, or more. The form 

 of the clumps may sometimes be triangular, at 

 other times quadrangular, pentangular, &c. and 

 some in curves, others in straight lines, to cause 

 the greater variety. And in shrubbery clumps, 

 and wilderness compartments, where the trees 

 and shrubs are employed pron)iscuously, they 

 may be planted from five to ten feet distance ; 

 the taller growths being placed backward eight 

 or ten feel asunder, placing the lower plants 

 gradually forward according to their gradations, 

 to the lowest in front, as above, at four or five 

 feet distance : and if the trees and shrubs of the 

 plantations in general are disposed somewhat in 

 the quincunx way, they appear to the greater 

 advantage, and produce a better effect. 



But when large Plantations are to be formed 

 into woods, &c. composed principally of forest 

 and timber trees for profit, particular sorts must 

 be chosen, consisting of deciduous and ever- 

 green trees. Of the first kinds the oak, elm, ash, 

 beech, chesnut, hornbeam, birch, alder, ma- 

 ple, sycamore, plane, poplar, lime, walnut, 

 wild cherry, mountain-ash, larch, willow, hazel, 

 8cc. and of the latter sort, the pine, firs, cedar 

 of Lebanon, holly, bay, laurel, yew, ever-green 

 oak, box tree, and some others. See Fokest 

 7'kk£s. 



In forming woods, or Plantations of timber- 

 trees, there are two methods chietly [)ractised : 

 one is by raising the trees from seed at once on 

 the ground where the Plantation is intended to 

 be, especially the deciduous kind, and which is 

 effected by sowing the seed in drills, a yard 

 asunder, the plants remaining where raised, 

 thinning them gradually : the other method is 

 by previously raising the plants in a nurserv, till 

 two or three feet high, then transplanting them 

 into the places allotted them, in rows at the 

 above distance, to allow also for gradually thin- 

 ning. Either of these methods may be practised, 

 as most convenient ; but the former, or that of 

 raising the plants where they are to remain, 

 though it may be more expeditious, and at once 

 gets rid of the trouble of transplanting, will 

 require greater attendance for a few years, till 

 the plants have shot up out of the way of weeds ; 

 but the trees, from theiralways remaining where 

 raised, without being disturbed by removal, may 

 probably make a greater progress. The latter 

 method, or that of raising the trees first in a 

 nursery, is rather the most coionionly practised, 

 as being thought the least troublesome and ex- 

 pensive, with regard to the attendance at first 

 of the young growth. 



The preparation of the ground for the final 

 reception of the seed or plants, is mostly per- 

 formed by deep ploughing and harrowing, upon 

 such ground as the plough can be employed 

 on; but, where this or other tillage is not prac- 

 ticable, only young plants from the nursery can 

 be used, digging holes, ike. at proper distances, 

 one for the reception ot each plant: where, how- 

 ever, the ground can be tilled, it will prove very - 

 advantageous by performing it a year before ; 

 sowing it with a crop of turnips, or others of a 

 similar kind ; and when these come off, plough- 

 inij; and harrow ing the ground again, for the re- 

 ception either of tiie seed or plants the ensuing 

 season. 



The most proper season for performing this 

 sort of planting, cither by seed or plants, is 

 any time in dry mild weather, in the autumn, 

 as from October till February, or later on moist 

 soils. Where large tracts are to be jjlanted, both 

 the seed and plant methods must be pursued all 

 winter, at every favoural)lc opportunity. 



The seeds may be put in, in furrows or drills 

 one to two or three inches deep, and three or 

 four feet asunder, scattering them along tlie 

 middle of the drills, and coverins; the earth 

 evenly over them, the depth of the Jrills or fur- 

 ro\vs ; but sometimes the seeds are scattered or 

 sown promiseuouslv over the general surface, 

 and harrowed into the ground, being well pro- 

 tected from birds and vermin. 

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