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trees, especially large ones, he considers it to 

 be of great consequence that they be placed in 

 the same position (that is, having the same parts 

 facing the same points of the compass) as for- 

 merly. If notice he taken when a tree is cut 

 down, it will, he says, be found that three parts 

 in four of the growth are on the north side. 

 When it is intended to plant them against a wall, 

 they should never be cut in the side-shoots, but 

 only the roots ; by this method the trees will, he 

 says, bear fruit the first year after transplanting, 

 and there will be a great saving of time and 

 money. He has often transplanted old Plum- 

 trees that have been headed down that have 

 made very fine roots, which he has divided, and 

 thereby obtained four or five trees from one, 

 cutting them so as to form them into fine heads. 

 *' Some that were transplanted in 179S were in 

 full blossom in 17P9, producing some fruit, 

 and in 1800 bearing a full crop." 



It is recommended further by the same author, 

 that *' the ground in the borders and quarters 

 uhere fresh trees are to be planted should be 

 well trenched, two spits deep at least, to give the 

 roots room to run into the fresh-stirred ground." 

 And he says that when trees are planted with- 

 out stirring the mould they seldom thrive well. 

 He advises that " svhen Plum-trees are plant- 

 ed for standards in an orchard which is to be 

 kept for grass, they should be in rows at the di- 

 stance of twenty yards from each other. If in 

 the kitchen-garden for standards, he would al- 

 ways recommend the planting of dwarfs." The 

 tree may be trained up to have a stem of about 

 three feet high, at the distance of seventeen 

 vards. " If the garden is laid out with cross- 

 walks, or foot-paths, about three feet wide, 

 ihe borders should be made six feet broad, plant- 

 ipg the trees in the middle of them. In the 

 royal gardens at Kensington, which are very 

 long and narrow, and \\here the winds are very 

 hurtful, he has, he says, planted two rows of 

 apple-trees, intermixed with other fruit-trees, 

 alternately, one row on each side of the middle 

 walk (which runs the whole length of the gar- 

 den), at the distance of seventeen yards from 

 each other. He has also made cross-walks of 

 three feet broad at the distance of seventy vards, 

 with borders on each side six feet wide, having 

 two rows of trees in each border, about twelve 

 or fourteen feet asunder. These dwarf-trees are 

 very useful in breaking the force of high winds, 

 ancl are at the same time of such a height that 

 a man standing on the ground may gather the 

 fruit. As Plum-trees may be planted in the 

 yame manner and lor the same purpose as the 

 .above, he can have the quarters clear for crops 

 for the kiicheri, and a free air be admitted, which 

 Voi. If. 



can never be had where espaliers arc planted : 

 Dwarf Standards can, he says, be kept to 

 what size you please; they look much -hand- 

 somer than espaliers, and produce a greater 

 quatuity of fruit." 



In regard to the method of managing and 

 restoring old decayed trees of this sort, he re- 

 marks that he has restored " some of them 

 which were so far decayed as to have only 

 from one to two or three inches of bark left ; they 

 are now completely filled up with sound wood, 

 with large lieads, which at four years' growth 

 filled a wall sixteen feet high, and are at this 

 time full of fine fruit; some of the stems are 

 several inches in circumference, bearing treble, 

 the crops produced by young trees that have 

 been planted three times as long as they have 

 been headed down. Where the trunks are be- 

 come hollow, he- always cuts out all the looic 

 rotten parts, and also examines the roots, cut- 

 ting off what is rotten, injured, or decayed. 

 This method should, he says, be pursued with 

 all hollow and decayed trees ; and, if properly 

 executed, they may be so completely filled up, 

 as scarcely to leave a mark beliind, even where 

 the wood is totally decayed. He has had shoots 

 from trees of this sort which have been headed, 

 that have grown upwards of seven feet long, and 

 a5 large as a walking-stick, in one summer : 

 this should never be suffered ; but they should 

 be ])inche(l off with the finger and thumb, in 

 the beginning of June, close to an eye or a 

 bud, unless the wall be filled to the top; in 

 w hich case they should never be cut while they 

 continue to bear handsome fruit. Before they 

 begin to cease from bearing, you must always, 

 he says, begin with shortening every other shoot, 

 leaving them only from six inches to a foot long, 

 and nail them in till the second year, taking 

 carp to rub off the superfluous and strong fore- 

 right shoots; by that time they will begin to 

 bear J then cut out the others that have done 

 bearing : by this method yoii will, he thinks, 

 keep the trees in a flourishing slate. When the 

 branches are thus managed, they will frequently 

 throw out small dugs, or foreright shoots, about 

 an inch or two long, which will flower next 

 year. They should never, he says, be shortened 

 till after the fruit is set and become about the 

 size of a large pea ; by that time the leaves will 

 have covered the fruit, and be able to protect it 

 from the inclemency of the weather. You may 

 now shorten these shoots close to the fruit, 

 which will leave them from one to two inches 

 long. This method he has practised with great 

 success for several years. By leaving these short 

 foreright shoots, the fruit is, he says, protected 

 till it is out of danger of bein<r killed bv the 

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