P Y R 



P Y R 



or early in winter, they establish themselves 

 more firmly before the drought of the following 

 sunnner. 



They succeed in any common soil and open 

 situation, except in low very moist land, in 

 v\hich they are apt to canker, and soon go oft'; 

 in a pliable mellow loam ihev generally answer 

 very well. The ground should he properly pre- 

 pared, by good Trenching, where the ranges of 

 trees are to stand. 



In llic planting of Elspalier Apple-trees thev 

 should be ranged at not less than eighteen or 

 twenty feet distance ; the latter especially for 

 trees grafted on Crab or Apple stocks, which be- 

 ing free shooters, the branches readily fill that 

 space. For the trees grafted on Codlin and Pa- 

 radise stocks, fifteen or eighteen feet may be 

 sufficient ; though the latter, in particular, is 

 sometimes plan'ed only twelve or fifteen feet 

 asunder, as being a very moderate shooter : it is, 

 however, advisable to allow every sort full room, 

 according to their growth, to have proper space 

 to extend their branches always at full length. 

 The trees should be planted \\ i'th all their heads 

 entire, only retrenching any very irregular 

 growths, that do not range consistently with 

 the intended form, and pruning any broken 

 roots. Then having opened a proper hole for 

 each tree, plant them in the usual manner, be- 

 ing careful to place them with their branches 

 ranging the way of the espalier. As soon as the 

 earth of the holes and of the roots is properly 

 settled, all the branches should be trained in ho- 

 rizontally to the right and left, an equal number 

 on each side, at full length, as above. 



The general culture in espalier trees thus 

 planted and trained, as the same branches or 

 bearers continue fruitful many years, is to con- 

 tinue them as long as they remain of proper 

 growths, constantly giving them a summer and 

 winter pruning annually, as explained above. 



In wall-trees also, any of tlje principal choice 

 varieties of eating-apples may be trained, to for- 

 ward and improve the growth, beauty, and fla- 

 vour of the fruit ; such as Jennetings, Margaret- 

 apple, Golden-pippins, Golden-rennets, Pear- 

 ma-.ns, &c., or any other approved eating kinds, 

 a tree or two of a sort, against a south or south- 

 west or east wall. 



Standard apples when planted in the garden 

 should be arranged thinly, to admit of under- 

 crops growing freely, w ithout being shaded by 

 their spreading branches. 



Full standards should be chiefly planted for 

 the general crops, and half and dwarf standards 

 for variety. 



The standards, when trained as above, should 

 be planted out with all their heads entire, when 



in the kitchen garden, at thirty feet distance in the 

 rows; and for an orchard thirty feet distance every 

 way. In planting, for each tree a wide hole 

 should be opened, trimming any long strangling 

 and broken roots, leaving all the others entire, 

 and planting them with the usual care. As soon 

 as planted out, every tree should be well staked 

 to support them firmly upright, and prevent their 

 being disturbed in rooting by winds. See 

 Orchard and Plantixg. 



Smaller growing standards, such as Codlins, 

 or other low standards grafted upon Codlin 

 stocks, and dwarfs upon these or Paradise stocks, 

 may, if required, be planted only a' fifteen or 

 twenty feet distance in the rows, and not less 

 than twenty or twenty-five feet between the 

 lines of trees ; though, if there be room to allow 

 a greater distance both ways, it will be advan- 

 tageous, especially in planting in kitchen gar- 

 dens, in which it would be proper to allow dou- 

 ble that distance between the rows of trees, of 

 the larger growths of these kinds. 



The standards thus planted with their heads 

 entire, should be sufl'ered to advance with their 

 branches at full length, and in general take 

 their natural growth, when they soon form nu- 

 merous natural sjnirs in every part fir bearing. 



In respect to pruning these standards, little is 

 required, only the occasional retrenching any 

 very irregular cross-placed bough, or tlfe re- 

 ducing to order any very long rambler ; or when 

 the head is become greatly crowded and con- 

 fused, to thin out some of the most irregular 

 growths, likewise all strong shoots growin? up- 

 right in the middle of the head, and alfdead 

 wood, and suckers from the stem and root. 



As to half and dwarf standards of these trees, 

 they may be dispersed in diflTerent parts of the 

 garden to cause variety, managing them as the 

 full standards. 



The former on dwarf Paradise stocks, beinc; 

 very moderate shooters, mav be planted in a 

 little compass ; and are sometimes planted in 

 pots for curiosity, to place on a table, amidst a 

 dessert, with the fruit growing on them. See 

 Dwarf Trf.es. 



It is observed by Mr. Forsyth, tliat " in head- 

 ing down old decayed apple-trees, for the sake of 

 symmetry, it will be necessary to cut at the forked 

 branch as near as can be to the upper side of the 

 fork, cutting them in a sloping manner to carry 

 o(f the wet, at the same time rounding the edges. 

 To begin at the lower branches, cuttino^ just 

 above the lower fork ; and proceeding upwards, 

 cutting the rest of the branches from one to six 

 joints, or forks, according to their strength, 

 till you have finished cutting-in the whole head. 

 If any of these branches should have the canker, 



