R I D 



R I V 



throwing it up into high ridges, In order to lie 

 Jallow ill winttT, 8:c., to mellow, and improve 

 in its qualitv and t'trtihty. 



'I'his is work of great utility in the kitchen 

 garden, as well as in other parts, but more 

 especially in stiff and heavy sods, and cold wet 

 lands. It is accomplished by trcnch-diiiging 

 the ground over, laying the earth of each trench 

 in a raised, rough ridge, lengthways, that by 

 thus lying as high, open and hollow, as possible, 

 it may meliorate and iertilise more cHcctuallv by 

 the weather during the winter. And it receives 

 further improveuient from the levclhng it down 

 aaain, which is expeditiously eftecled, for the 

 reception of the intended seeds, plants, roots, 

 ike, which breaks, divides, and pulverises the 

 earth still more eflectually. 



This ridging is (generally performed either in 

 the latter end of autunm, or any time in winter, 

 or early in the spring, as the ground is the most 

 vacant at those seasons, and not generally im- 

 mediately wanted for any principal sowing or 

 planting. 



This sort of work is executed by beginning at 

 one end of the plat of ground, and digging out 

 a trench one or two spades in width, and a full 

 spade's depth, removing the crumbs from the 

 bottom, in the length-ways across the ground, 

 and wheeling the earth to the finishing end, to 

 be ready to till up the last trench : so marking 

 out a second trench close to the first, of the same 

 width, then proceeding in the tienching and 

 ridging, previously |ianng the top of the second 

 trench, With all weeds, rubbish, or dung there- 

 on, if any, into the bottom of the first, and 

 then digging the ground of the second along 

 regulaiK-, tlie proper width and depth as above j 

 turning the earth spit and spit into the first open, 

 trench, laying it in a raised ndge lengthways 

 thereof, without breaking it fine, so that it 

 may lie somev\hai rough and hollow, according 

 as the nature of the soil may admit : proceeding 

 thus with another trench in the same manner, 

 and continuing the same with the whole, trench 

 and trench, to the end of the plat of ground ; 

 filling up the last trench with the earth of the 

 first opened, laying it now ridge-ways as iu the 

 preceding trenches. 



Jn the work of levelling down ridged ground, 

 as wanted, it should proceed regularly, ridge 

 and ridge, long-waxs, levelling the earth equally 

 to the right and left, loosening any solid parts, 

 and breaking all large rough lumps and clods 

 moderately fine; forming the whole in an even 

 regular surface, in order for sowing and planting 

 as requ red. 



And in general, it is not advisable to lay down 

 more than can be sown the sajne or next day. 



while the surface is fresh stirred, especially in 

 broad-cast sowing and rnking in the seed, as 

 most generally all tolerably light mellow soils 

 are more yielding to the rake wliile the surface 

 is fresh moved ; or before rendered wet by rain. 

 Sec, or very dry and hardened in the top earth 

 by the sun, air, and winds, in dry weather, in 

 the spring months, &c., and likewise, for sow- 

 ing seeds by bedding in and covering in with 

 earth from the alleys, &c., or with earth raked 

 oti the beds fijr that purpose, it would sjenerallv 

 be most successful to perform it in a fresh stirred, 

 surface J though it is not so material in drill 

 Sowing: and besides, when seeds are committed 

 to the earth while it is in a fresh turned up sur- 

 face, especially in a dry season, they are more 

 forwarded in a free regular germination than in 

 ground that lias lain some time after dif!;<iing or 

 levelling down. Though some grouiufs of a 

 wet, or heavy, still" nature, sometimes require 

 to lie a few days after digging or levelling down, 

 in order for the rough cloddy surface to mellow 

 in some degree, either by drying a little, or by 

 having a moderate rain, or sometimes both, to 

 meliorate the lumpy clods, pliant to the rake, in 

 the case of broad-cast sowing and raking in the 

 seed. 



KIVINA, a genus containing plants of the 

 shrubby evergreen kind. 



It belongs to the class and order Tctrandiia 

 ]\Io)iogy?/ia, and ranks in the natural order of 

 Holoracece. 



The characters are : that the cal\ x is a four- 

 leaved perianth, coloured, permanent : leaflets 

 oblong-ovate, blunt: there is no corolla, unless 

 the calyx be taken for it : the stamina have four 

 or eight filaments, shorter than the calyx, ap- 

 proaching by pairS) permanent : authers small : 

 the pistillum is a large germ, roundish : style 

 very short : stigma simjile, blunt: the pericar- 

 pium is a globular berry, ])laced on the green re- 

 flex calyx, one-celled, with a point curved in : 

 the seed one, roundish, lens-shaped, rugged. 



The species cultivated are: 1-. R. liMmilis, 

 Dgwny Rivina ; 2. R. Icevii, Smooth Rivina ; 

 3. R. octandra. Climbing Rivina^ 



The first grows taller than the second, and the 

 branches are more erect : the leaves are smaller, 

 heart-shaped, and covered with short hairy 

 down : the spikes of flowers are not so l')ng ; 

 the flowers are not so closely placed together, 

 and have longer peduncles. It is a native of the 

 West Indies. 



The second species rises with shrubby stalks 

 six or eight feet high, dividing into several 

 spreading branches, and covered with a gray 

 spotted bark : the leaves alternate, lanceoTate, 

 exitire, two inched and a half long aud one inch. 



