S E R 



S H A 



inch broad ill the middle, slightly serrate, downy 

 on tlifir under side, sessile: the upper part of 

 the stalk di\ uies into peduncles, sustaining pur- 

 ple flowers, whieh appear at the end of July. 

 It is a native of North America. 



The second species has a large, perennial, 

 fibrous root : the stem branching, from four to 

 seven or eight feet high : the leaves seven inches 

 lona, and an inch and half broad in the mid- 

 dle, ending in acute points, entire, hairy on 

 their under side, sessile : the flowers in loose 

 bunches at the end of the branches : the calyxes 

 oval, composed of few scales terminating in 

 bristles : the flowers are of a pale purple colour. 

 It is a native of Vn'ginia, Carolina, &c. 



The third has a perennial root : the stalks six 

 or seven feet high, purple and channelled : the 

 leaves about three inches long, and an inch and 

 half broad in the middle, ending in acute points, 

 stiff, serrate, and ot a light green on both sides : 

 the flowers in a loose terminating corymb, pur- 

 ple, with roundish calyxes. It is a native of 

 Maryland, Virginia and Carolina, flowering in 

 OcLober. 



The fourth species has a tuberous root, from 

 which comes out a single stalk, rising near three 

 feet high : the leaves stiff, about three inches 

 long, entire, rough to the touch, pale green on 

 both sides : the upper part of the stalk is adorned 

 with purple flowers, having oblong, rough, 

 prickly calyxes, coming out from the side alter- 

 nately; and the stalk is terminated by one head 

 larger than the others. It is a native of Virginia, 

 flowering in July and August. 



The fifth has a large tuberous root, from which 

 comes out one strong channelled stalk, three or 

 four feet high : the leaves frequent, about three 

 inches long, and half an inch broad : the flowers 

 purple, in a long loose spike, coming out from 

 the side upon prettv long blunt peduncles; they 

 have large rough calyxes composed of wedge- 

 shaped scales. The upper flowers blow first, 

 an<l appear in August. 



The sixth species has a tuberous root, from 

 which comes out a single stalk from two to three 

 feet high : the leaves very narrow, smooth, at 

 bottom more than three inches long, but gradu- 

 ally diminishing to the top, sessile, and placed 

 round the stalk without any order: the flowers 

 purple, smaller than in the fourth and fifth 

 sorts, sessile, and forming a long loose spike. 

 It is a native of North America, flowering fiom 

 August to October. 



Culture. — These plants may all be increased 

 by parting the roots and planting them out in 

 the autumn when the stems decay, or in the 

 spring; but the former is the better season. The 

 old plants should not be parted oftener than 

 every third year, and then not too small. 



They are likewise all capable of being in- 

 creased by seeds, when they can be had good, 

 which should be sown in the autumn or early 

 spring, in a border to the east, in slight drills. 

 When the plants are a few inches high, they 

 should be pricked out in nursery-rows to remain 

 till the following autumn, and then planted out 

 where they are to remain. 



They afford ornament in the borders, clumps, 

 &c. being planted to the middle or the back 

 parts. 



SERVICE TREE. See Sorbus. 



SHADDOCK. See Citrus. 



SHADE, any thing that intervenes to ob- 

 scure or protect from the rays of the sun. It is 

 effected in various ways in gardening ; as by 

 mats, covers, &c. 



SHADING OP PLANTS, the art of pro- 

 tecting plants of young and tender jjrowths in 

 seed-beds, Sec. from the sun. It is a necessary 

 work on many occasions, in warm, dry, sunny 

 weather in spring and summer, &c. in pricking 

 out various sorts of small young plants from 

 seed-beds into nursery-beds, pots, &c. as well 

 as small cuttings, slips, above-ground oft-sets, 

 pipings, &;c. as likewise occasionally in trans- 

 planting any kind of more advanced plants, 

 flowers, &c. into beds, or pots, in a hot, dry 

 season ; and sometimes to seed-beds of particular 

 sorts of small or curiovis seeds in hot sunny 

 days ; also to plants in hot-beds, under frames 

 and glasses, both of young and more advanced 

 growths. It is the most commodiously and ef- 

 fectually performed by garden mats in a sort of 

 awning over the beds, to plants in the full 

 ground, or to those in pots placed clo.-^e to- 

 gether; or sometimes to seed-beds, either in that 

 way, or by being spread on the surface ; in the 

 latter method, being occasionally watered over 

 the mats : or sometimes, in hot dry weathtr, by 

 some loose straw litter strewed over sccd-beds, 

 which by screening the surface from the parch- 

 ing sun, and preserving the nuisture in the 

 earth, promotes a more quick, regular, and free 

 germination in the seed ; and when the plants 

 are come up, the covering is soon drawn off 

 lightly with a wooden or other rake. 'I'o plants 

 under glasses in frames, &c. the occasional 

 shading is ettii'Cted either by mats spread thinly 

 over the glasses, or soniclimes by a little loose, 

 long litter, shaken liglitly over them, just 

 during the fierce heat of the sun. In all cases 

 the shade should not be made too thick, so as 

 to darken the plants too much. 



In the business of occasional shading, it is 

 in general only to be continued in the warmest 

 time of sunny days, generally longer to plants, 

 cuttings, kc« which liave not struck root, than 

 those that are in a growing state; and in counnon 



