S T A 



S T A 



to branch out to form heads. It is practised for 

 many sorts of fruit-trees, both as detached 

 standards for variety, and with fanned spreading 

 heads, as wall-trees for high walls. 



The method of raising these is nearly the 

 same as for the full standards ; only they are 

 grafted or budded upon lower stocks, training 

 them with upright single steins only three or 

 four feet high, by the stocks on which they are 

 grafted being trained up to that height for a 

 stem ; or by being grafted or budded low in the 

 stock, and the first main shoot of the graft, &c. 

 led up for a stem, and topped at that height to 

 force out branches to form the head ; suffering 

 the heads in those designed as detached stand- 

 ards, to branch out all around, and run up to a 

 full spread, nearly according to their natural 

 mode of growth, except just reforming any ill- 

 growing branch, as shortening the branches 

 should be sparingly practised, as it would force 

 out lunnerous useless shoots, and prevent the 

 formation of bearing wood, especially in the 

 apple, pear, plum, and cherry kinds. 



When Half Standards are intended for walls, 

 they should have the head trained in a some- 

 what fanned manner, to spread to the wall like 

 a common wall-tree. 



When it is necessary to have thein to form 

 heads of as moderate growth as possible, espe- 

 cially in the detached half standards forsmall com- 

 partments, they should be grafted or budded upon 

 the more dwarfish sort of stocks, as apples upon 

 codlins, and pears upon quinces, &c. ; in which 

 case the heads will always shoot moderate, and 

 never ramble wide or grow high. See Stocks. 



But though a few of this sort of trees may 

 be eligible as detached half standards for variety, 

 they are not proper for the open quarters of the 

 garden ; as their branches coming out low may 

 impede the growth of under-crops. 



For walls, however, that are eight or nine 

 feet high, they are proper to plant between the 

 dwarfs or principal residents, to cover the mid- 

 dle or upper half of the wall, whilst the dwarfs 

 occupy the lower space. See Wall-Trees. 



Half Standard cherries, apricots, 8tc. are also 

 proper to plant in forcing -frames to produce 

 early fruit. See Forcing-Frames. 



The after-management of detached trees of 

 this sort, in respect to pruning, is nearly the 

 same as the full standards, as, after having shot 

 out at top to form the head, they should be per- 

 mitted to branch both in length and laterally 

 nearly in their own way, except just pruning to 

 order any considerable irregularity, crowding 

 branches in the middle or long ramblers, and 

 •detachins; all suckers from the root, stem, and 



Vol. ll. 



head, and to cut out casual dead wood ; and 

 thus the regular branches remaining at length, 

 will emit fruit-spurs abundantly in every part 

 for bearing. 



The Half Standards against walls are to be 

 pruned and managed as other wall-trees, each 

 according to its nature. 



Dwarf Slandards. — These are trained with 

 low stems only one or two feet high, and then 

 topped to force out branches to form the head. 



Several sorts of choice fruit-trees are trained 

 as dwarf standards, with stems not more than 

 one foot high, branching out at that height, 

 forming proportionably low heads ; being occa- 

 sionally planted round the borders of the kitchen- 

 or pleasure-garden, &c., instead of espaliers, 

 and the heads either kept down low by close 

 pruning, or suffered to branch upward nearly in 

 their natural growth. These are raised by graft- 

 ing, &c. upon the most dwarfish stocks, such as 

 apples on codlin- or paradise-stocks, and pears 

 on quinces, &c. in order to dwarf them as much 

 as possible in their growth; and as they shoot in 

 height, each year's shoots either pruned short, 

 to keep tlie head down and confine it within 

 a small compass ; or the branches permitted to 

 shoot in length, except just reducing casual 

 ramblers and disorderly growers. These kinds 

 of dwarf standards are not so generally intro- 

 duced now, as espalier fruit-trees have been 

 brought to a proper degree of perfection in train- 

 ing and bearing. 



Some have Dwarf Standard fruit-trees in pots, 

 for the purpose of forcing in hot-houses, forcing- 

 frames, hot-beds, &c. particularly early May and 

 May-duke cherries, plums, peaches, nectarines, 

 apricots, figs, vines, gooseberries, currants, &c. 

 which being placed as above, in January or early 

 in February, often ripen a few fruit very early 

 in tolerable perfection, some of which might be 

 brought to table growing on the trees in the 

 pots. Dwarf Standard fruit-trees are also pro- 

 per to plant fully in the borders in forcing- 

 frames. See Forcing-Fkame, and Dwarf- 

 Trees. 



The different varieties of currants and goose- 

 berries may be trained with a single stem a 

 foot or more high, and then permitted to branch 

 out into a regular head, keeping the internal 

 part always tolerably open, and the branches 

 moderately thin ; and shortening them but 

 sparingly, particularly the gooseberry, by which 

 dwarf shrubby plants are formed. 



STAFF-TREE. See Celastrus. 



STAG'S-HOKN-TREE. See Rhus. 



STAPELIA, a genus containing plants of the 

 succulent perennial kind. 



3 K 



