T R A 



T R A 



halt' standards, of one year old, with the first 

 shoots from the budding and grafting entire, 

 should be planted out in autumn against some 

 kind offence in a free open situation, not less than 

 four or five feet high, placing them from five or 

 six to eight or ten feet distant, to remain for 

 training. These in the spring following, just as 

 they begin to make an effort for shooting, should 

 be headed down, with a clean sloping cut up- 

 ward, to within four, five or six eyes or buds of 

 their origin, or place of insertion in the stock, 

 especially those intended for dwarfs, and the half- 

 standards, if worked on tall stocks; which pre- 

 vents their running up too high with a single 

 naked stem, and causes them to throw out lateral 

 shoots from the lower part to fill the wall or 

 espalier regularly with branches quite from the 

 bottom upward ; as they soon after push forth 

 strong shoots from all the remaining lower buds, 

 suflScient to give the tree its first proper forma- 

 tion as a wall tree, he; which shoots, when 

 advanced in length in summer, should be trained 

 along to the fence equally to the right and left, 

 in a "somewhat inclinated position at full length 

 till next spring, when these shoots may also be 

 cut down to six or eight inches length, to force 

 out a further supply of more branches near the 

 bottom, as it is proper that they should be well 

 furnished w ith branches below, in order to cover 

 the wall, &c. well 'at the bottom part. 



The summer's shoots should be shortened 

 in this manner ; more or less the two or three 

 first springs, as may be necessary, in order to 

 obtain a proper spread of lower branches to give 

 the tree its intended form ; though this work of 

 pruning short to obtain laterals may also be per- 

 formed occasionally in summer, in May or early 

 in Jnne, on the strong young shoots of the year, 

 cuttino or pinching them down to a few eyes; 

 bu: thi- first is the best mode. 



As the supply of branches thus obtained ar- 

 rive at proper lengths, in the summer they should^ 

 be all trained in along close to the wall, and if 

 any fore-right or back shoots come out, they 

 should be rubbed off close, leaving all the well- 

 placed side and terminal shoots in every part, 

 and lettinc the whole, or as many as possible, 

 be traintdTn during this season, to have a plenty 

 to choose from in the general pruning season, 

 laying them in close to the wall, &c. equally to 

 the rii'ht and left^ on each side of the tree, in a 

 spreading somewhat horizontal manner, no 

 where crossiTJt; one another but at parallel di- 

 stances, and niostly all at full length during the 

 summer's growth,' to remain till the general 

 T.inler or spring pruning. 



In the winter pruning, where more wood was 

 trained up in sununer "than appears necessary, 



or than can be trained in with due regularity, it 

 should be retrenched, as well as any remaining 

 fore-right or back shoots and other irregular 

 growths omitted in summer, be now all pruned 

 out, cutting them quite close to their origin. 

 The whole should then be close nailed to the 

 wall. 



Having thus procured proper heads, they 

 should afterwards be pruned according to the 

 method peculiar to each respective sort, as di- 

 rected under their culture, some requiring the 

 branches to be shortened annually, others to be 

 mostly trained at full length. See Dwarf and 

 Espalier Trees, Pruning, &c. 



The training of espalier trees is effected ex- 

 actly in the same manner, only these may be 

 trained as they stand in the nursery lines, in the 

 open quarters or borders, Sec. by ranging some 

 stout stakes in the ground along one side of each 

 tree, not in a continued straight range immedi- 

 ately the way of the row, but those of each tree 

 ranged separate and obliquely, somewhat cross- 

 ways the row as it were, that the branches of 

 the different trees may range beside one another, 

 and thereby have more room to extend the 

 branches both ways, than the common distance 

 in the nursery lines would admit, if ranged di- 

 rectly the way of the row. 



It may be remarked that in general, unless 

 good Trained Trees can be readily obtained, of 

 from three or four to five or six years old, of a 

 clean free growth, it will be better to plant entire 

 young untrained trees of one or two years old, 

 inmiediately from the nursery, putting them at 

 once where they are to remain, managing thcra 

 afterwards as the Trained Trees, to give theiu 

 the proper form of head. 



Some, in order to have as great a chance as 

 possible, plant young untrained trees to remain, 

 and Trained Trees of a bearing state, dwarfs and 

 half-standards between, to cover the wall more 

 effectually at once, and furnish a supply of fruit, 

 until the young ones are trained and arrive at the 

 bearing state; then, according as the trees of 

 both sorts advance in that state of growth, those 

 which appear the most prosperous are retained, 

 and the others are gradually cut aw-ay, leaving 

 the more thriving trees to occupy the wall wholly 

 at last. 



In most of the public nurseries, they raise 

 Trained Trees for sale, which occupy all their 

 close fences of walls, ])ales, &e. where they may 

 be procured of almost any size, differing in 

 price from three to five or ten shillings or more 

 per tree, according to the sorts, age, and good- 

 ness of growth. 



TRAILING ARBUTUS. See Epig.^-a. 



TRAVELLEU'S JOY. See Clematis. 



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