U L M 



U L M 



flowers are on lonffer peduncles, and spread out 

 loosely : the irnit Is n.iindish : the wood is less 

 solid: the inmk soon divides into long wide- 

 spreiiding winged branches ; and when at its full 

 growth seldom rises to above one- third of the 

 height of ihe lirst species : it flowers when even 

 undir ihirtv feet hioh, whilst that seldom flow- 

 ers till it has gained a much greater age and 

 heisjht : the hranrhcs are very brittle : the 

 flowers scentless, troni six to fifteen in acoryinb, 

 on long pedicels : it grows however to be a very 

 great tree, and also very high, especially in 

 woods among other trees : the bark on the 

 ouiside is blocker than that of the first, and is 

 also very tough, so that when there Is plenty of 

 sap, it will strip or peel frum the wood of the 

 boughs from the one end to the other, a dozen 

 feet in length or more withtiut breaking: the 

 timber is in colwur nearly like the first : it is 

 not so firm or strong for naves, but will more 

 easily cleave : the brandies or young boughs are 

 grosser and bigger, and spread themselves 

 broader, and hang more downwards : the seed 

 is somewhat biga.er ; the leaves are much broader 

 and longer than any of the kinds of Elm, usually 

 three or four inches broad, and live or six 

 inches long, also harsh on both sides, indented 

 about the edges, nearly resembling the leaves of 

 the Hasel ; the one side of them is most com- 

 monly longer than the ftther. 



The variety termed the Smooth-leaved Elm 

 is in bigness and height like the first, but the 

 boughs grow as those of the Wych Hasel do, 

 hanging more downwards than those of the 

 common Elm : the bark is blacker than that of 

 the first kind, but will also peel from the boughs : 

 the (lowers and seeds are like those of the first : 

 the leaves also, in form, are like that, but 

 smooth ill handling on both sides: the wood is 

 said to be more desired for naves of carts than 

 that of the first. 



The fourth species has three varieties, accord- 

 ing to the Kew catalogue: the first is the Red 

 or Canada Elm, which grows in its native 

 country to a vast size : the leaves are ovate, 

 wrinkled and scabrous, broader than those of 

 our Dutch or VVych Elms, smoother and of a 

 much more lively green: the branches are red, 

 ■whence it has the name of Red Elm. It grows 

 very fast in this climate. 



In the second variety, or the White Elm, which 

 is so named from the whiteness of the branches, 

 the leaves are scabrous, but oblong; and, ac- 

 cording to Gronjvius, having narrower leaves 

 than the Red, and the trunk beset at intervals 

 with twigs closely clustered together below the 

 boughs. Boats are made from the bark of it. 



The third, or the Drooping or Weeping Elm, 



is distinguished by its oblong sfnoothish leaves 

 and Its pendent branches. 



JVlarivn observes that \.\\e American differs 

 from the Earopean Elm in having the leaves 

 C(]iially, or, as Grt>novius expresses u, quite 

 simply or sintllv serrate. It is a native of the 

 forests of Virginia and other pans of North 

 America. 



The fifth species, or the Hornbeam-leaved 

 Elm, is also a native of North America. 



The sixth species has the branches more slen- 

 der than in the other species, divaricating, and 

 of a grayish ash-colour: the leaves alternate, 

 some simply, others unequally, others again 

 doubly serrate, smoother than in the first, equal 

 or unequal at the base, less so, however, than in 

 the others, and the petioles a little longer: both 

 petioles and twigs are smooth : the stipules rust- 

 coloured, membranaceous-bristle-shaped : the 

 seeds on short peduncles, collected into sessile 

 globular umbels ; the surrounding membrane is 

 almost orbicular, cut but not acuminate, with 

 the teeth of the cut very shortly curved in ; it is 

 smooth, very tender, and finely veined, pale 

 gray : the seed itself is al»o gray, and ripens in 

 Mav, if not sooner : the wood is very hard and 

 toui^h, gray, remarkably waved with transverge 

 lines of a deeper colour, larger fibred, and when 

 exposed to the air becomes yellower than Oak, 

 and is preferable to it : the ashes exported from 

 Risra, under the name of Waidasche, are made 

 entirely from the wood of this and other Elms, 

 burnt in brick furnaces: the root is beautifully 

 variegated and fit for the use of the turner, &c.: 

 the bark does not readily peel ofl', and therclore 

 is not used for making ropes : it is said, in. 

 Southern Russia, to often contend with the 

 Oak in stature. 



There is a variety with both young and old 

 branches winged and rendered irregular with 

 compressed fungous excrescences of the bark 

 variously interrupted ; and in mountain rocks 

 there is a variety which has shorter, thicker 

 branches, winged with fungous excrescences of 

 the bark. 



Culture. — In these trees it is effected in differ- 

 ent ways ; as by seed, suckers, layers, and 

 grafting. The seed, when perfectly ripened, may 

 be collected and sown in the autumn or spring, 

 in four-feet-wide beds, half an inch deep ; that 

 which is kept to the spring being preserved by 

 drying it well, out of the sun, then putting it up 

 close till towards autumn, when it should be 

 mixed with sand, to preserve it more etlectually 

 through the winter; when about the middle of 

 February it should be sown as above. The 

 plants should afterwards be carefully shaded, 

 watered,, and kept eleau from weeds. The plants 



