W A I. 



W A L 



the fuel ; of course they shoulil not be narrower 

 than eight feet in the clear. VV here the iengtli 

 of walhng requires two ovens, they may be iu 

 the midtlle, being includeil in one shed, which 

 will save expense, and aliow inore room to at- 

 tend the fires ; ;is in this ease trie sheds n)ust he 

 at least ten feet long, !)iit not more than six in 

 breadth ; the steps down being at one end. 



In regard to the lower flue through which the 

 smoke first passes from the fire, it may be two 

 feet and a half deep ; of course the back wall 

 should be at least two bricks and a half thick, 

 as high as to the top of this flue; and then it 

 may be set off to two bricks, which must be 

 coirtinucd to the top of the wall. The second 

 flue, which should return over the first, may be 

 made two feet, the third a foot and a half, and 

 the fourth one foot deep; which four flues, with 

 their coverings, will rise near eight feet in lieisjht, 

 so that there will be about two feet left for fixing 

 of the frames at the top to support the glasses, 

 and for the coping of the wall ; these four re- 

 turns will be sutricient to warm the air in the 

 frames. But in the carrying up these walls, 

 some strong iron hooks should be well fastened 

 at convenient distances projecting about two 

 inches from the wall, to which the trellis mustbe 

 fastened which is to support the trees. The 

 flues must be well pargeted with loam on their 

 inside, and loam be spread under the tiles which 

 cover them, to the thickness of the hooks, that 

 the flues may be very smooth. At each end of these 

 flues small arches should be turned in the back 

 walls, in such a m.anncr that there may be holes 

 opening to clean the flues of soot whenever there 

 is a necessity for it. With respect to the bor- 

 ders in front of these walls, they should be 

 about four feet wide, which will make a suf- 

 ficient declivity for the sloping glasses ; and oir 

 the outside of them should be low walls, rising 

 four or six inches above the level of the borders, 

 upon which the plate of timber must be laid, on 

 which the sloping glasses are to rest. The 

 glasses must be divided into two ranges, being 

 contrived in such a manner, as that the upper 

 row may slide down, and be fastened at suitable 

 distances, but the lower may be either fixed or 

 moveable; and the sloping timbers which sup- 

 port the glass frames, must be f.istened at bot- 

 tom into the ground-plate in the front of the 

 border, and at the top into strong iron cramps, 

 fixed in the upper part of the wall for the pur- 

 pose. They are best made of fir, which docs 

 not twist, as oak and some other wood, where 

 it is laid in such position ; and on the top should 

 be fixed, in a close manner, a stnmg board, un- 

 der which the upper row of glasses should slide, 

 in order to secure the upper part of the glasses 



from being raised by the winds, and l:cep the 

 wet from the trees. It may project on to thcv 

 glasses about two inches. The width of the 

 frames may be about three feet, or according to 

 the extent of the wall, the bars being placed 

 lengthways of them. See Hot-Wall. 



WALL TREES, such fruit-trees as are 

 planted against walls, and have their branches 

 trained to them in a fanned regular manner, 

 from three or four to five or six Inches asunder, 

 in order to produce their fruits in a superior de- 

 gree of perfection. They are trees of the more 

 tender kinds, or such as will not ripen their 

 fruits in this climate, unless trained against 

 walls of a southerly aspect, to liave the advan- 

 tage of the full sun ; and several sorts of the 

 hardier kinds, to obtain their fruits in earlier ma- 

 turity, and of an improved growth and flavour. 

 The trees must be trained to south walls for the 

 principal sorts of the more delicate or tenderer 

 kinds, such as peaches, nectarines, apricots, 

 grapes, figs, &c., to have the benefit of the full 

 sun, as they do not ripen in good perfection 

 without this assistance. Some of the best va- 

 rieties of the principal sorts of the hardier fruit- 

 trees, as the most esteemed cherries, plums, -and 

 pears, should be also trained to these walls to 

 produce early fruit in the greatest perfection ; 

 also some trees of the choicer sorts of summer 

 and autumn apples, to have the fruit earlier, 

 and of an improved rich flavour for immediate 

 eating; likewise some of the best red and v/hite 

 currants and gooseberries : and on west and 

 east walls to have trees of most of these sorts, to ' 

 ripen in good perfection, in succession to those 

 on the south walls, especially cherries, pluitis, 

 and pears, and occasionally some common 

 peaches, nectarines, and apricots; but vines and 

 figs generally on south walls, especially vines, 

 which require all possible benefit of the full sun 

 to ripeii the grapes in proper season, and v/ith a 

 rich flavour : the north walls are eligible for any 

 of the common hardier summer and autumn 

 fruits, as cherries, particularly morellos, plums, 

 and pears, for late ripening, to succeed those of 

 the more sunny exposures, and to continue a 

 longer succession of particular sorts, which ripen 

 for immediate eating from the trees ; also white 

 and red currants for successional ripening in the 

 autuinn. Trees of this sort may be considered 

 as of two orders ; common dwarf wall-trees and 

 half-standard wall-trees. See Standard Trees 

 and TiiAiNED Treks. 



The ]iroper season for planting wall-trees is 

 cither in autunni, as in October, November, 

 Sec, or in spring, as February and March, or 

 not later than the beginning of Ajiril, but before 

 that time, if po-ssible; as late spring-planting, 



