Weitere Parasiteneinführungen in Kalifornien ßl 



Der umfassendste und zeitlich ausgedehnteste, wohl auch bekannteste, Ver- 

 such der biologischen Bekämpfungsmethode ist die Einführung von Parasiten 

 des Schwammspinners und Goldafters in den Neuenglandstaaten der USA. 1 ) 



x ) Ein ausführliches 600 Titel umfassendes Verzeichnis der Literatur über den Schwamm- 

 spinner wie auch zahlreicher Arbeiten über den meist mit ihm zusammen behandelten Gold- 

 after findet sich bei Schedl K. E., Der Schwammspinner (Portheiria dispar ~L.) in Euro- 

 asien, Afrika und Neuengland. Monograph. angew. Entomol., 12, 1936; im folgenden 

 wird daher nur die wichtigste Literatur genannt. — Burgess, A. F., Calosoma sycophanta: 

 its Life History, Behavior, and Successful Colonizationin New England. U. S. Dept. Agric, Bur. 

 Entom, Bull. 101, 1911, The Present Status of the Control of the Gipsy Moth and Brown-tail 

 Moth by Means of Parasites. Journ. Econ. Entom. 19, 1926, 289 — 293; Die neuere Bekämpfung 

 des Schwammspinners und Goldafters in Amerika. Anz. f. Schädlingskunde 5, 1929, 77 — 80; 

 Burgess, A. F., and Collins, C. W., The Calosoma Beetle (Calosoma sycophanta)in New Eng- 

 land. U. S. Dept. Agric, Bull. 251, 1915; The Genus Calosoma: Including Studies of Seasonal 

 Histories, Habits, and Economic Importance of American Species North of Mexico andof several 

 introduced Species. U. S. Dept. Agric, Bull. 417, 1917; Burgess, A. F., and Crossman, 

 S. S., Imported Insect Enemies of the Gipsy Moth and the Brown-tail Moth. U. S. Dept. 

 Agric, Techn. Bull. 86, 1929; Crossman, S. S., Some Methods of Colonizing Imported 

 Parasites and determining their Increase and Spread. Journ. Econ. Entom. 10, 1917, 177 — 183; 

 Apanteles melanoscelus an Imported Parasite of the Gipsy Moth. U. S. Dept. Agric, 

 Bull. 1028, 1922; Foreign Travel and Entomologists met while Searching for Enemies 

 of the Gipsy Moth. Journ. Econ. Entom. 18, 1925, 164 — 172; Two Imported Egg Parasites 

 of the Gipsy Moth, Anastatus bifasciatus Fonsc. and Schedius Kuvanae Howard. Journ. Agric. 

 Res. 30, 1925, 643—675; Crossman, S. S. and Webber, R. T., Recent European Investi- 

 gations of Parasites of the Gipsy Moth, Porthetria dispar L., and the Brown-tail Moth, 

 Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. Journ. Econ. Entom. 17, 1924, 67 — 76; Culver, J. J., A Study 

 of Compsilura concinnata, an Imported Tachinide Parasite of the Gipsy Moth and the 

 Brown-tail Moth. U. S. Dept. Agric, Bull. 766, 1919; Dowden, P. B., Lydella nigripes 

 and L. piniariae, Fly Parasites of certain Tree-defoliating Caterpillars. Journ. Agric. Res. 

 46, 1933, 963 — 995; Zenillia libatrix Panzer, a Tachinid Parasite of the Gypsy Moth and 

 the Brown-tail Moth. Ebd. 48, 1934, 97 — 114; Brachymeria intermedia (Nees), a Primary 

 Parasite and B. compsilurae (Cwfd.) a Secondary Parasite of the Gypsy Moth. Ebd. 50, 

 1935, 495 — 523; Escherich, K., 1913; Fiske, W. F., Parasites of the Gipsy and Brown- 

 tail Moths introduced into Massachusetts. Boston 1910; Forbush, E.H., and Fernald, 

 A. M., The Gipsy Moth, Porthetria dispar (Linn.) Boston 1896; Howard, L. O., The Gipsy 

 Moth in America. U. S. Dept. Agric, Bur. Entom., Bull. (n. s.) 11, 1897; The Gipsy and 

 Brown-tail Moths and their European Parasites. Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agric. 1905- 

 1906, 123—138; Howard, L. O., and Fiske, W. F., The Importation into the United 

 States of the Parasites of the Gipsy Moth and Brown-tail Moth. U. S. Dept. Agric, Bur. 

 Entom., Bull. 91, 1911; Imms, 1937; Muesebeck, C. F. W., Two important introduced 

 Parasites of the Brown-tail Moth. Journ. Agric. Res. 14, 1918, 191 — 206; New Species of 

 Chalcid Flies parasitic on the Gipsy Moth Parasite, Apanteles melanoscelus Ratz. Ebd. 36, 

 1927, 331 — 333; A New European Species of Apanteles parasitic on the Gipsy Moth. Proc. 

 Entom. Soc Washington 30, 1928, 8 — 9; Monodontomerus aereus Walk., both a primary and 

 a secondary Parasite of the Brown-tail Moth and the Gipsy Moth. Journ. Agric. Res. 43, 193 1, 

 445 — 460; Muesebeck, C. F. W., and Dohanian, S. H., A Study in Hyperparasitism 

 with particular Reference to the Parasites of Apanteles melanoscelus Ratz. U. S. Dept. Agric, 

 Bull. 1487, 1927; Muesebeck, C. F. W., and Parker, D. L., Hyposoter disparis Viereck, 

 an introduced Ichneumonid Parasite of the Gipsy Moth. Journ. Agric. Res., 46, 1933. 

 335 — 347; Parker, D. L., The Interrelations of two Hymenopterous Egg Parasites of the 

 Gipsy Moth, with Notes of the Larval Instars of Each. Ebd. 46, 1933. 23 — 34; Apanteles 

 solitarius (Ratzeburg), an introduced Braconid Parasite of the Satin Moth. U. S. Dept. 

 Agric, Techn. Bull. 477, 1935; Proper, A. B., Eupteromalus nidulans, a Parasite of the 

 Brown-tail Moth and Satin Moth. Journ. Agric. Res. 43, 1931, 37 — 56; Hyperparasitism in 



