THE LIMITS OF EVOLUTION 13 



limits, they say, are rigid and absolute : it reigns 

 only in the field oi phenomena, including the "outer" 

 or physical world of the external senses, and the 

 "inner" or psychical world open to mental experi- 

 ence, otherwise called "inner sense." 



The distinction here implied is so very important 

 that I shall surely be pardoned for going far enough 

 into the explanation of philosophical technicalities 

 to make it clear. It is the distinction between 

 (i) the facts of direct experience — the realities that 

 present themselves to our sensible apprehension, 

 "outer" or "inner" as the case may be, forming a 

 series of innumerable items arranged either by con- 

 tiguity in Space or by succession in Time — and (2) a 

 higher or profounder kind of reality which reason 

 requires us to assume as the indispensable and 

 sufficient ground for the occurrence and the cease- 

 less changing of the former, and, above all, for those 

 changeless connexions of sequence and position 

 which we observe among them, and which by com- 

 mon consent we designate as the laws of cause and 

 effect, or of the uniformity of Nature. To mark the 

 fact that the realities of the first sort are without 

 other evidence than their presentation to our senses 

 "outer" or "inner," it is agreed in philosophy to 

 call them " phenomena," that is, simply appearances 

 in consciousness. To mark the counter-fact that 

 the underlying Reality contrasted with appearances, 



