122 ESSAYS IN PHILOSOPHY 



is pessimist first and expounder of tlie Unconscious 

 afterward. In talcing him as the representative of 

 materialism, I have purposely passed by names far 

 more widely known, — those of Moleschott, Biichner, 

 and Carl Vogt, for instance, — not only because these 

 are all men of popular rather than of severe methods, 

 having far less weight in the scientific world than he, 

 but because he is a man of far more scope, of really 

 thorough attainments, of positive originality, and of 

 a certain delicacy of intellectual perception char- 

 acteristic of the true thinker.^ Haeckel, who by 

 his extravagant ardour in advocating atheistic evolu- 

 tion, his vast knowledge of biological details, and his 

 high repute among his associates in science, fills so 

 large a place in the minds of most readers as a repre- 

 sentative of materialism, must be counted out, accord- 

 ing to his own public and repeated protests, as not 

 intending or teaching materialism at all, but a monism 



^ A writer more correctly to be compared with Duhring is Czolbe, 

 of Konigsberg, author of a naturalistic theory expounded in his Limits 

 of Human Knondedge oil the Basis of the Mechanical Principle^ who 

 died in 1873. But he did not, like Duhring, develop his views into 

 a comprehensive philosophy, applied to all the provinces of life. He 

 belonged, too, rather to the previous generation of thinkers than to 

 this, and was known there as an opponent of Lotze. Lotze, gifted 

 and influential as he was, I have also passed by, later in the essay, in 

 the agnostic-idealist connexion, in spite of his acknowledged bearing 

 on the position of Lange, mainly for reasons similar to those that led 

 me to disregard Czolbe : he belongs to a movement earlier than the 

 one here considered. 



