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Let's settle, right away, one obvious difference betv/een the oil products 

 offered on the market. Some spray-oil stocks are prepared as oil emulsions. They 

 look like a white paste and are truly a concentrated oil emulsion. Most contain 

 about 83 per cent actual oil. The remainder is water and the emulsifier which viras 

 used to form the emulsion. Since they do contain water, these pastes must not be 

 subjected to freezing. 



Other spray-oils may be purchased in the form of an emulsible or miscible oil. 

 These preparations are not emulsions but contain from 95 to 99 per cent actual oil 

 plus some kind of an emulsifier. They look like plain oil but v/hen poured into a 

 tank of water a creamy-v.'hite emulsion is formed. Since there is no water present 

 in the prepared product and no emulsion is preformed, freezing or standing around 

 does not injure this type of spray-oil preparation. 



Thus v;e see that either of the above stock preparations of oils is satisfactory 

 so long as we know about the actual amount of oil present and the proper way to 

 handle and dilute each type in the spray-tani-:. Of course, it is true that part of 

 the price of an oil emulsion, the v/hito paste type, is for the water it contains. 

 Railroads do not haul water for notliing,' 



Then what is important in considering tlio purchase of an oil for spraying? 

 Just this,' Tho~ource or kind of "raw" oil that was used by the manufacturer in 

 making up the concentrated oil emulsion or the emulsible (miscible) oil prepara- 

 tions which you buy. From here on, xviien I say "oil", I have reference to the raw 

 oil as the manufacturer of the prepared products receives it from t?ie producer or 

 the refinery. These oils differ. 



Studies by Dr, P, J, Chapman and his associates in Geneva, H. Y, , as well as 

 others in both state and commercial laboratories have shown that oils, particularly 

 those from the eastern aiad mid-contin-:;nt fields, are more highly paraffinic in 

 character. These paraffinic oils are also more effective as insecticides. Oils 

 from the western fields are classed as naphthenic and have been found to be less 

 toxic to insect forms, T/;hy then, should a fruit grovier buy an oil emulsion or 

 miscible spray-oil containing the less effective or naphthenic type of oil? 



In these same studies the investigators have found that oil type and degree 

 of refinement are important in determining the safeness of an oil on developing 

 buds and young foliage. Vfiiy should you, as a fruit grower, use an oil that is 

 less safe on your trees any more than you would use a poorer type of oil in your 

 engine ? 



How can you tell v/hether the prepared spray-oil you are about to buy is made 

 out of tlie better type of oil? Here are some suggestions, 



patronize a reliable dealer who represents or handles the products of a 

 reputable -manufacturer of insecticides. The table below gives the possible 

 range in the specifications of a satisfactory rav; oil of a safe, paraffinic type, 

 Vj'ith these specifications in hand a reliable and interested dealer can find out 

 for you whether the prepared-oil stocks ho hiiTidles contain oils which "fill the 

 bill". Producers of rav; oils and the manufacturers of prepared oil emulsions and 

 miscible oils are well acquainted with these specifications and can provide the 

 information for dealers. 



The specifications follow on the next page. Don't worry if you or your 

 dealer or his salesmen do not understand them; those who prepared the products 

 v;ill, or should understand if they knov; their business. 



