Care of Scions After Grafting 



It is necessary to keep the scions from producing shoots. As buds on the 

 scions swell, rub them off. 



General Considerations 



1. As soon as the injury is discovered, it may be possible to save some of 

 the cambium layer cells by promptly applying the asphalt emulsion or grafting wax. 



2. Occasionally suckers are present or arise later from the area below the 

 wounds. Some of these suckers that extend above the wounded surface may be used 

 as "inlay scions" at the top end. 



3. Trees leaf out and often fruit the first season after the bark and 

 cambium layer are destroyed around the tree trunk I However, the vigor of these 

 completely girdled trees vary considerably. On some trees the foliage and fruit 

 appear normal; foliage may be light in color but fruit size normal; and on 

 other girdled trees the foliage may be light in color and sparse and the fruit 

 small. 



The reason why completely girdled trees leaf out and often fruit the first 

 season after the bark and cambium layer are destroyed around the tree trunk is 

 because water and other materials which are taken up by the roots from the soil 

 pass up to the leaves through the wood. In the leaves the water and the carbon 

 dioxide taken from the air by the leaves are united chemically, through the action 

 of sunlight, into glucose sugar. This sugar is the starting point for the synthe- 

 sis of all other carbohydrates and in turn for proteins, oils, waxes, and other 

 organic compounds which make up the bulk of the apple tree. After the manufacture 

 of the plant foods by the leaves, they move to other parts of the tree through the 

 phloem which is found in the bark. From the facts presented, it can be seen that 

 complete girdling will not deprive the top of the tree of water and other materials 

 necessary for the manufacture of plant foods and that these materials will be trans- 

 ported to all plant parts above the injured area. 



Reserve food stored in the roots enable the roots to function for some time, 

 often a year or two, thus keeping the top of the tree alive. However , a completely 

 g irdled tree , unless repaired , will eventually die from starvation of the roots 

 for carbohydrates I 



William J. Lord 



I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 



WINTER LOSSES OF HONEY BEES EXPECTED TO BE ABOVE NORMAL 



All available information indicates that the losses of bees during the 

 1960-61 severe winter will be above normal. Such losses result from excess con- 

 sumption of stores, greater activity within the winter cluster and dysentery. If, 

 in addition, we have a late spring, we can expect many more weakened or dead 



