- 7 - 



MIXING 



The ingredients should be mixed thoroughly so that all sand and gravel has 

 a coating of cement paste on it. Then there will be a good binding of particles 

 to form good concrete. 



Pour the concrete in less than 60 minutes after mixing. After placing, it 

 possible, keep the surface damp for as long as a week. Keeping it damp this way 

 can double its strength after it has set. 



Norman T. Odden 



I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 



RANDOM NOTES ON 1959 AND 1960 RETAIL STO R E STU DY 



Many growers mark their apples U. S. No. 1 which seems to be an unnecessary 

 down-grading of the fruit. In 1959, 12 of 18 growers cooperating in the study 

 marked their packages U. S. No. 1 but only 10.9 per cent of the fruit in the 

 packs examined at the packing sheds were of this grade. In retail stores during 

 the same year, 5.8 per cent of the fruit in 86 polyethylene bags were of the 

 U. S. No. 1 grade. In 1960, 1348 apples were graded from 110 polyethylene bags 

 obtained in retail stores and only 13 apples were found to be U. S. No. 1 grade. 

 Basically, the only difference in the grade requirements for U. S. No. 1 and 

 U. S. Fancy Mcintosh is a difference of 8 per cent color. There is a difference 

 in grade requirements regarding russetting but this generally is not a serious 

 problem. Down-grading the pack from U. S. Fancy to U. S. No. 1 might be quite 

 a price to pay for so few apples of the lower grade. 



Sizing of the fruit revealed wide variations in individual packages in 1959 

 (2^ - 3-^ inches in diameter). Many produce managers stated that 2^" apples 

 bagged separately made an attractive item for sale. Wide size variations were 

 also found in 1960 as shown in Table I. 



Table I - The Number and Per Cent of Apples of Various Sizes Found in Polyethylene 

 Bags, Marked 1\ Min., in Retail Stores, 1960. 



Size No. of Apples Per Cent 



Over 3 inch 99 7.37, 



3 inch 263 19.57. 



2-3/4 inch 508 37.77, 



2-1/2 inch 380 28.27, 



2-1/4 inch 93 6.97, 



Under 2-1/4 inch 5 .47, 



There was a wide range of size in the packages with approximately 27 per 

 cent of the apples 3 inch or over. The packages were all marked minimum size 

 2-1/4 inch and only five apples were found to be below this size. Only 7 per 

 cent of all the apples were 2-1/4 inch apples. Packages from nine growers con- 

 tained apples from 2-1/4 inch to 3 inches. Fourteen growers had included apples 



