INTEGRATED CONTROL AS AN IMPROVED METHOD OF REDUCING 

 PEST POPULATIONS ON APPLES 



Gary L. Jensen 

 Department of Entomology 



The 

 d i s c u s s i 

 and the 

 fruit gr 

 and the 

 placed u 

 mands th 

 1 egedly 

 sumers , 

 cides, d 

 of yeste 

 ern thou 

 mites an 

 duce unc 

 Despi te 

 bone of 

 mediate 



newspap 

 ons and 

 contami n 

 owers an 

 world ar 

 pon them 

 e curtai 

 contami n 

 the same 

 emand un 

 ryear th 

 ght and 

 d other 

 ontami na 

 its many 

 insect c 

 future. 



ers and 

 comment 

 ation 

 d other 

 e place 



by our 

 Iment o 

 ate the 



peopl e 

 damaged 

 ought 1 

 laws pr 

 arthrop 

 ted foo 



def ici 

 ontrol , 



othe 

 s con 

 f our 



prod 

 d i n 



soci 

 f cer 



envi 



who 



and 

 ittle 

 h i b i 

 ods . 

 ds wi 

 encie 



and 



r news media a 

 cerning the "h 



environment w 

 ucers of food 

 rather a preca 

 ety. On the o 

 tain much-need 

 ronment, and o 

 advocate the n 

 insect-free pr 



of an occasio 

 t the contamin 



It is not pre 

 thout utiUzin 

 s, chemical co 

 will continue 



re replete with reports, 

 ard" pesticide problem 

 ith such pesticides. The 

 and fiber for the nation 

 rious position by demands 

 ne hand the public de- 

 ed pesticides which al- 

 n the other hand the con- 

 on-usage of these pesti- 

 oducts. The housewife 

 nal wormy apple, but mod- 

 ation of foods by insects, 

 sently possible to pro- 

 g chemical controls, 

 ntrol remains the back- 

 in this role for the im- 



T 

 duci ng 

 more a 

 late t 

 sub-ec 

 import 

 of nat 

 pati bl 

 of m i n 

 cal CO 

 of the 

 resurg 



A 

 ci des 

 is use 

 s u b s t i 

 i ndi ca 

 al toge 

 their 

 for pe 

 thorou 

 chance 

 type 

 highly 

 that t 

 a high 

 can be 

 ble; h 



here 

 the 

 dequa 

 hem s 

 onomi 

 ant m 

 ural 

 e wi t 

 or pe 

 ntrol 

 se mi 

 ence 



grea 

 i s ne 

 d whe 

 tuted 

 te th 

 ther . 

 job. 



St CO 



gh in 

 have 



f con 

 sel e 



hey a 

 pest 



come 



oweve 



are o 

 amoun 

 te kn 

 as 

 c 1 ev 

 ethod 

 enemi 

 h che 

 sts e 

 s can 

 nor p 

 of th 



ther 

 t of 

 owl ed 

 to ma 

 el s w 



of c 

 es . 

 m i c a 1 

 mergi 



be c 

 ests 

 e pes 



impor 



chemi 



ge of 



nage 



ith a 



ontro 



This 



cont 

 ng as 

 i ted . 

 in su 

 t pop 



tant m 

 cal s f 



these 

 pest p 



minim 

 lling 

 method 

 rol . 



major 

 The 

 ch Ijds 

 ulatio 



ethod 

 or th 



meth 

 opula 

 um of 

 pest 

 , how 

 Numer 



pest 

 ellml 

 tance 

 n. 



s whic 

 ese pu 

 ods wi 

 tions 



pesti 

 popula 

 ever, 

 ous we 

 s thro 

 nation 

 s Is g 



h can be uti 

 rposes, howe 

 11 enable us 

 and maintain 

 cide usage, 

 tions is the 

 is often not 

 11 documente 

 ugh the usag 

 of the natu 

 enerally bla 



lized in re- 

 ver, and a 



to manipu- 



them at 



One very 



uti 1 i zation 



wholly com- 

 d instances 

 e of chemi- 

 ral enemies 

 med for the 



ter knowledge of the selectivity and persistenc 

 eded. Too often a broad spectrum, persistent p 

 n a narrow spectrum non-persistent pesticide co 

 , or perhaps a proper evaluation of the situati 

 at a chemical treatment may be postponed or el i 

 Natural enemies too often are not given a cha 



Growers are understandably eager to utilize pe 

 ntrol inasmuch as they are relatively cheap, qu 



their control. However, natural enemies if gi 



in many instances proven to be a cheaper more 

 trol . Natural enemies do not leave residues, a 

 ctive and self-perpetuating. Their main liabil 

 re slower to give the desired level of control. 



population level is needed before the natural 

 effective, in which case this approach may not 

 r, if given a chance to work in the absence of 



e of pesti 

 esti cide 

 ul d be 

 on may 

 minated 

 nee to do 

 sti cides 

 ick and 

 ven a 

 permanent 

 nd are 

 ity is 



Often 

 enemi es 

 be feasi- 

 chemical 



