of the solution for cleaning dairy equipment will be satisfactory 

 for ci der pi ants . " 



*************** 



CONTROLLING DEER IN ORCHARDS 



Edward R. Ladd, Wildlife Biologist 

 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 



The white-tailed deer is of economic importance in the United 

 States and annually large sums of money are spent by hunters in 

 quest of this game animal. When food and cover are plentiful, 

 deer do not range very far. They tend to stay in one area for long 

 periods of time, moving only when food and shelter become inade- 

 quate or weather forces them to seek more favorable locations. In 

 some areas, however, the local deer population may increase to a 

 point where animals cause a great deal of damage by browsing on 

 agricultural and forest crops. 



REPELLENTS 



T 

 fruit 

 materi 

 termi n 

 weathe 

 apt to 

 with a 

 damage 

 affect 

 season 

 will b 

 thorou 

 amount 



aste 

 trees 

 als h 

 e the 

 r con 

 brow 

 repe 

 even 

 the 

 s of 

 e les 

 ghnes 

 of p 



repel 

 . Un 

 ave p 



effe 

 d i t i 

 se on 

 llent 



thou 

 1 engt 

 heavy 

 sened 

 s use 

 rotec 



lents 



der mo 



roved 



cti ven 



ns ; an 



agric 



How 



gh a r 



h of t 



preci 



becau 



d when 



ti on t 



offer 

 s t win 

 practi 

 ess of 

 d thor 

 ul tura 

 ever, 

 epel le 

 ime a 

 pi tati 

 se of 



apply 

 hey af 



one m 

 ter 

 cal a 

 a re 

 oughn 

 1 or 

 a 1 ac 

 nt ha 

 repel 

 on , t 

 erosi 

 ing r 

 ford. 



ethod of 

 r dormant 

 nd effect 

 pel 1 ent : 

 ess of ap 

 forest cr 

 k of norm 

 s been ap 

 lent rema 

 he effect 

 on and di 

 epel 1 ents 



reduci ng 



season c 

 ive. Thr 

 the a n i m 

 pi i cati on 

 ops that 

 al food m 

 plied. W 

 ins effec 

 iveness o 

 1 uti on . 

 will d e t 



deer damage to 

 ondi ti ons , these 

 ee factors de- 

 al ' s appeti te ; 



Deer are less 

 have been treated 

 ay cause deer 

 eather conditions 

 tive. During 

 f a repellent 

 The degree of 

 ermine the 



Some of the more effect repellents are those containing THIRAM 

 or Z.A.C. It is best to follow the manufacturer's recommendations 

 when mixing and applying repellents. 



Winter Application : Applying the repellents to only the ter- 

 mi n a 1 ""gTovrUTwiTi provi de sufficient protection. This method is 

 more economical than treating the entire tree. All terminal tips 

 should be treated to a height of 6 feet above the expected snowline, 

 (NOTE: The 5ame repellents recommended above, if applied as a 

 drenching spray, will protect fruit trees from rabbit damage.) 



