total of 13 to 16 branches, 

 half of which are 3/4 inch or 

 more in diameter. A conical 

 tree shape is maintained. 

 Trained to this system, 'Golden 

 Delicious' trees on good soil 

 were spaced 5 feet by 11.5 

 feet (758 trees/A); on lighter 

 soil 3.3 feet by 10 feet (1320 

 trees/A). Boskoop, a vigorous 

 variety, on good soil, were 

 spaced at 6.5 feet by 13 feet 

 (516 trees/A); on lighter soil, 

 they were spaced at 5 feet by 

 11.5 feet (758 trees/A). 



Productivity 

 ards increased per 

 man-hour (Table 2) 

 creased due to mor 

 acre, easier produ 

 slender-spindle tr 

 yielding varieties 

 Golden Delicious, 

 cultural technique 

 tion per man-hour 

 cause pruning, pic 

 ing , and other cul 

 dures were relativ 

 with the smaller t 



in the orch- 

 acre and per 

 Yields in- 

 e trees per 

 ction on 

 ees, higher- 

 such as 

 and improved 

 s. Produc- 

 increased be- 

 king, spray- 

 tural proce- 

 ely simpler 

 rees. 



Fig. 4. A 2-y ear-old 'Belle of Bos- 

 koop' apple tree on M.9. This is a 

 slender- spindle tree with its frame 

 of heavy branches on the lower part 

 of the central-leader. 



Table 2. Influence of tree type and intensification on production, 



yield per acre per man-hour, hours to prune and pick, 

 and total hours to grow and harvest the crop. 



Bush-type Free-Spindle Slender -Spindle 



Interes 

 but the firs 

 ance in 2,3, 

 Wertheim at 

 tion in 1973 

 Fruit Tree 6 



t in the multi-row system of planting developed in 1959 

 t trial was not established until 1966. Tree perform- 

 4,5 or 6-row planting systems was discussed by Dr. S.J. 

 the Annual Conference of the Dwarf Fruit Tree Associa- 



(Intensive orchards: designs and training. Compact 

 : 105-121). He reviewed the pros and cons of each system, 



