- 8 - 



Tydeman's Early (Tydeman's Red) - This English introduction ripens 

 in late August and is similar to Mcintosh in appearance but 

 tends to be larger in size. The fruits have a green under- 

 color and are overlaid v;ith a medium-red blush. The fruit 

 has good quality and looks promising for the early fall trade. 

 The tree is similar to Rome in growth and fruiting habit and 

 production has been fair to good in past seasons. 



Paulared - Ripens with or slightly later than Tydeman's Early. The 

 fruits are medium to large in size, roundish-oblate in shape 

 and have excellent color and finish. The fruits color very 

 early. The fruit has tended to cluster on our young trees. 

 Production appears to he good. 



AAA************ 



FRUIT GROWING AND RESEARCH IN SWITZERLAND 



William J. Lord 

 Department of Plant and Soil Sciences 



During my recent sabbatical leave, I had the opportunity to 

 visit Switzerland for 9 days to observe its fruit industry, and to 

 talk with Dr. Robert Schumacher and other researchers at the Feder- 

 al Research Station at Wadenswil. Here are some observations dur- 

 ing this brief period. 



Fruit growing in Switzerland is an interesting mix of the old 

 and the new. The mountainsides are covered with numerous small 

 diversified farms, each having some sheep and/or cows and frequent- 

 ly several "traditional" trees of apple, pear, or cherry (tradition 

 al" trees have long trunks under which the livestock may be grazed 

 or the grass cut for hay). In 1971, there were about 7.5 million 

 of these trees scattered over the mountainsides and valleys of 

 Switzerland. Often these trees are pruned, sprayed with a hydrau- 

 lic rig and hand gun, and the fruit processed apples and pears 



into cider, and cherries into brandy. An interesting feature of 

 the mountainsides is the espaliered pear trees on the sides of homes 

 and barns. 



Cultural practices in the modern orchards are quite similar 

 to those used in the Netherlands, except a lower percentage of the 

 apple trees are on M. 9 rootstocks or trained as slender-spindles. 

 The holdings for the most part are small, and the farms are diver- 

 sified, but farming remains profitable because of government sup- 

 port and because importing of farm products is either prohibited 

 or regulated according to local supply. Thereby, the Swiss farmers 

 receive higher prices for their products than farmers in neighbor- 

 ing countries. 



